The role of the liver is to filter toxins and remove them from the body in the form of nitrogenous waste. Nitrogenous waste is ammonia, urea and uric acid. In the human body only ammonia and urea are produced and the liver quickly changes the harmful ammonia into the tolerable urea for excretion from the body.
Ammonia is toxic to humans in high concentrations (see Table 1). Ammonia is the by-product of protein being broken down. Ammonia is formed by the breakdown of amino acids taken from excess proteins. The liver converts the ammonia into urea, which is then removed from the body in the form of urine (BBC Science and Nature – Human Body and Mind – Organ Layer – visited 14 April 2014).
This conversion is done through the urea cycle (see Figure 1) in the liver. The urea cycle is the conversion of carbon dioxide and ammonia into urea and water. After the ammonia is changed into urea, it is transferred into the bloodstream and on to the kidneys. Then the kidneys filter the urea out of the blood. The urea is mixed with water and the urine is expelled from the body via the bladder whilst keeping the water balance isotonic. Urea is the by-product of the urea cycle, which converts the highly toxic ammonia into the tolerable urea. The liver is the only place in the body where the complete urea cycle is observable (Neonate/Infant/Child with Hyperammonemia – 2013).
Water balance is maintained throughout the body but the kidneys play a major role. The kidneys normalize the quantity of water in the body and balance the absorption of mineral ions in the blood (Homeostasis – Kidneys and water balance – ABPI – resources for schools – visited 14th April). They achieve a state of homeostasis that, according to ABPI resources for schoo...
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The kidneys are located in the posterior section of the retroperitoneal cavity and are small, dark red kidney-bean shaped organs in the lower part of the rib cage (Marieb, The Urinary System, 2015). They are undervalued organs considering how essential they are for the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis. The kidneys filter about 120-150 quarts of blood to produce about 1-2 quarts of urine each day (NIH, 2014). Blood initially enters the kidneys through the renal artery. It then flows into the segmental artery before moving into the interlobar artery. From the interlobar artery the filtrate enters the arcuate artery before branching into the cortical radiate artery, which feeds into the afferent arteriole, before passing into the glomerulus where it begins to filter out waste. The filtered waste is then collected by renal tubule. The tubules drain to collecting ducts and all of these components together makes up a small unit called a nephron. Each kidney has over a million nephrons (Marieb, Blood Supply/ Nephrons, 2015). They filter out wastes that run through different body systems via blood; the majority of that waste is nitrogenous wastes, toxins, excess fluids, electrolytes, and drugs. These waste products are eliminated as urine. While waste are removed vital enzymes, hormones, and water are returned
The kidneys play a major role in the blood composition and volume , the excretion of metabolic wastes in the urine, the control the acid/base balance in the body and the hormone production for maintaining hemostasis. The damages to the GBM in the glomeruli alter filtration process that allows the protein and red blood cells to leak into the urine. Loss of protein like albumin in the urine results in a decrease of their level into the blood stream. Consequently, this patient’s blood reveals a decreased albumin (Alb) value of 2.9 g/dL, decreased serum total protein value of 5 .0 g/dL and in the urine presents of the protein and the RBCs. Impaired filtering capacity result in inability of kidneys to excrete excretory products like electrolytes and metabolic waste products that will then accumulate in the blood. Furthermore, inability of distal convoluted tubules to excrete sufficient quantities of potassium, sodium, magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), urea, creatinine (Cr), alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos), and phosphate (PO4) results in their elevation in the blood. His laboratory values reveal an increased of sodium value of 149 meq/L, an increase of potassium value of 5.4meq/L, increased chloride value of 116 meq/L, increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) serum of 143 mg/dL, and increased creatinine serum of 7.14 mg/dL. The other abnormal blood tests associated with a loss of kidneys’ filtration property identify in this patient are related to an increase of alkaline phosphatase value of 178 IU/L, increased magnesium value of 3.8mgdL, and increased phosphate (PO4) value of 5.9 mg/dL .
During digestion, the body breaks down food into smaller molecules that could then be used by the body’s cells and tissues in order to perform functions. This starts off in the mouth with the physical movements of chewing and the chemical breakdown by saliva. Enzymes in the stomach break food down further after traveling from the mouth through the esophagus. The food from here then moves into the small intestine, where pancreatic juices and enzymes dissolve proteins, carbohydrates, and fibers, and bile from the liver breaks down fats into these small molecules. Any portion of the fibers or food that were unable to be broken down are passed from the small intestine to the large intestine, which is where the digestive tract transitions into the excretory tract, then the colon and out of the rectum. Any liquids that have been stripped of their nutrients by the body proceed from the stomach to the kidneys. In the kidneys, sodium ions (Na+), uric acid, and urea are exchanged with water, which moves urinary bladder and is excreted through the
into the blood and the metabolic waste is excreted via the anus. Similarly, a valve called the pyloric valve,
2. Esophagus: 10 in. long and extends from the pharynx to the stomach. Food moves down the esophagus by the peristalsis. The sphincter, a circular muscle at the entrance of the stomach opens and closes to allow food to enter the stomach.
...ng necessary nutrients, such as stomach acid and saliva. The body also uses a waste system to take out the bad stuff in the body that cannot be used as nutrients or energy. Human beings, and all animals from the tiniest insect to the world’s largest mammal, must remove and dispose of wastes from their bodies. Separate systems work on gaseous, liquid, and solid waste. Waste excretion in living things helps maintain homeostasis which supports the basic ability to survive. There are many systems in the human body, from the circulatory which regulates blood flow throughout the body, to the nervous system and muscular system. Each system has its specific function and purpose in the body. However, it is fair to say that the digestive system, with all its necessary organs, enzymes, chemicals and processes is truly one of the most important systems in the human body.
The urinary tract consists of two kidneys, to ureters, urethra, and the urinary bladder. The urinary system works to remove waste from the body, maintain homeostasis of water, blood pressure, and regulate the body’s pH levels. The kidneys regulate several important internal conditions by excreting substances out into the body. After urine has been produced in the kidneys it is then transported to the urinary bladder via the ureters. The urinary bladder then holds the urine until the body is ready for excretion through the urethra.
According to Stanfordchildrens.org (2014), the Urinary System, is a complex assembly of different organs that all together have the main function of excrete the waste from the bloodstream, regulate hormones that control other parts of the body and balance the water in the body. Urea is the name given to the waste obtained from the filtration of the blood. However, urine is the final product that is expelled from the body. The urinary system is the organism in charge to convert urea into urine. The urinary system is made of several parts that include two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, the urethra and nephron. The malfunction of any part of the urinary system can lead with severe problems because of its importance in getting rid of the waste in our body.
. Functions of the urinary system consist of the excretory system in excreting substances, filtering blood plasma to eliminate metabolic wastes and return useful substances to the plasma. It also regulates blood volume by controlling the amount of water in your blood, osmolarity makes sure to maintain fluids in our blood in such that our cells are in isotonic state and pressure. The kidneys secrete two hormones, renin controls the blood pressure and erythropoietin (EPO) causes the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. Metabolic waste in the blood are regulated in the kidneys defaulting the regulation of acid/base balances in the blood by producing urine and becoming acidic.
The urinary system has many different organs in order for it to work as a whole. Each organ does different functions. The urinary system consists of the two kidneys, the two ureters, the bladder, the two sphincter muscles, the nerves in the bladder, and the urethra. After your body takes what it needs from the food you eat waste products are then left behind in the blood. The urinary system works with the lungs, skin, and intestines to keep the chemicals and water in your body balanced. The urinary system removes urea from your body. Urea is made when the foods you eat that are high in protein are broken down in the body. Urea is then carried into the bloodstream to the kidneys by the renal arteries.
In the human body, there are a number of systems that have their own importance and provide different functions to help keep us alive. One of these systems is the urinary system, also known as the renal system. As blood courses through the body, waste products are transferred into the bloodstream that needs to be extracted. The urinary system is designed to help the body remain free of excess water and waste that we no longer need. This particular system is made up of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra that produces, stores, and then excretes urine out of the body. When it comes to the urinary system,
Kidneys clear waste products from our blood. They play a role in controlling the body’s level of water and chemicals, and produce essential hormones. (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013)
The human digestion system is very complex. It starts with the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, then ends/exits with the anus. Each step is essential to the whole system. For example, the mouth chews food and mixes it with saliva produced by the salivary glands, and then the pharynx swallows chewed food mixed with saliva, this is followed by the food traveling through the esophagus to the stomach where the food gets a bath and mixes with acids and enzymes. After the stomach, the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder produce, stores, and releases bile and bicarbonates. Bile is produced in the liver and aids in digestion and absorption of fat while the gallbladder stores bile and releases it into the small intestine when needed. Following the process into the small intestine, this is where nutrients will be absorbed into the blood or lymph (most digestion occurs here). Next is the large intestine this is where water and some vitamins and minerals are absorbed. Finally, it is the end of the road, the anus. At...
The kidneys are a bean-shaped organ in the human body and they have different functions and are of vital importance for it. The kidneys are the pair of organs, which are able to regulate the reabsorption of ions such as potassium, sodium and calcium, which are fundamental substances for the cell. Furthermore, they are involved in the reabsorption of nutrients in the bloodstream and they can regulate the acidity of the blood. Besides the regulation of the fluids and ions, the kidneys are also responsible for the regulation of many different hormones that are involved in homeostasis and metabolism. Because of their importance in the regulation of substances in the body, when the kidneys stop working properly all the body is influenced by that creating disequilibrium in the maintenance of homeostasi...
It is then secreted within the small intestine where it helps to break down ethanol, fats and other acidic wastes including ammonia, into harmless substances.