Introduction Since 1500, the economies of Europe and Asia had been extending their reach overseas. With the establishment of the Atlantic system of trade, these economies exercised their mercantilist desires, America became a cultural mixing bowl, and the spread of knowledge and technology amplified. Because of this ever-increasing global interaction, between 1750 and 1870 momentous changes occurred across the world in agriculture, politics, economics, and technology. Considered one of the greatest technological eras, The Industrial Revolution took place during this period. By 1825, most colonial rule had been repulsed or abandoned, and the empires of the east deteriorated. A string of “revolutions”, political challenges and reforms by the common people, was undertaken by various groups and states in the west. The United States fought the Revolutionary War, emerging victorious, and declaring its independence from Britain. French protest also turned to revolution; the people manifested their frustration with monarchical and ecclesiastic rule and aristocratic abuses, by seeking reform and more aggressive forms of change. Slaves in Saint Domingue sought independence, banding together with free black men and whites frustrated with imperial rule to overthrow the French and create the state of Haiti. The British created an empire in the East, larger and arguably more sustainable than the 13 colonies of America. The African continent saw the rise of the Zulu, the expansion and modernization of the Egyptian empire under Khedive Muhammad Ali, and increased exchanges with Europeans, both positive and negative. As you will see, the interactions and dramatic changes of were direct results of the maritime globalization of the previ... ... middle of paper ... ...frica. This inexperienced country has evolved since then, and only time will tell if it maintains its respect as a global power. Works Cited Dee, D. (Artist). (2003). Anarchy. [Web Drawing]. Retrieved from http://www.toothpastefordinner.com/010203/anarchy.gif, 24 October 2011. NativeForeigner. (Uploader). (2010). Lgwashingmachine. [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LGwashingmachine.jpg, 24 October 2011. Hutchins, C. (Photographer). (2006). Barvarian food. [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.flickr.com/photos/27283274@N00/131829998/, 24 October 2011. Bulliet et al. The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. 3rd. II. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. 685. Keefe, M. (Artist). (2009). Us china flag. [Print Drawing]. Retrieved from http://media.caglecartoons.com/media/cartoons/56/2009/03/25/62686_600.jpg, 24 October 2011.
Before the American Revolution, the trends of colonial history remained rather consistent. The European superpowers continued to expand, reaping exponential benefits from the nations in which they colonized. Thomas Bender argues that the American Revolution was not just a revolution for the people of the continental United States, but was rather the starting point of a continuous global revolution that inspired social change and governmental autonomy for the colonized people. Bender examines global trends in Central and South America, as well as Europe before America’s Declaration of Independence to demonstrate that prior to the American Revolution, the great powers of Europe ruled with minimal backlash, exploiting weaker nations for increased
The movement of goods, people, and wealth in the late 17th and 18th centuries permanently changed societies across the continents of Europe, Africa, and North and South America, thereby increasing the reach of globalization in the modern age. Most influential to this movement was what is sometimes referred to as “The Atlantic Circuit”, a triangle of trade between Western Europe, western Africa, and the West Indies. Out of this circuit came the rapid growth of the Atlantic slave trade, which not only established multiple industries of agriculture, but significantly changed the economies of all countries involved. The agriculture industries, in combination with further colonization transformed the land of the Americas, and the impacted diets across the world. Capitalist systems and mercantilist policies provided structure to trade, and allowed both private investors and nations to profit from it. These systems laid the foundation for future economies by creating new levels of power and interaction between the private and public sectors and, in the process, generating many successes and failures.
The Industrial Revolutions, spurred by technological innovation and the discoveries of new materials, created new industries. One of the first to be mechanized is the textile industry. From James Hargreaves’ creation of the spinning jenny, workers, mainly women, were able to mass produce goods from home. Thus, the cottage industry was born. However, with the development of Richard Arkwright’s water frame, John Kay’s flying shuttle, and Edmund Cartwright’s power loom, factories soon replaced the domestic system and the women who lost their jobs now moved to the factories. Nevertheless, the factories were very successful due to high demand and cheap cotton sources in the Americas and in India. Ironically, American cotton was the product of slavery, which the British had banned in 1838.
Conquest and colonization has always played a role in the history of European powers. Throughout the centuries many different European empires have attempted to make their mark on multiple different continents. Some have found success, while others have failed. One case in particular, in which European nations could not quite find stability, was in North America. Factors such as the American Revolution, U.S. westward expansion, and the Monroe Doctrine pushed European nations out of North America. Afterwards, the late 19th century marked the beginning of New Imperialism. As New Imperialism began, Africa became important to European nations in their “Scramble for Africa”.
Edgar, Robert R., et al. “Chapter One.” Civilizations Past and Present. 12th ed. Ed. Janet Lanphier, et al. Vol. 1. New York: Pearson, 2008. Print.
Bulliet, Richard W. Earth and Its Peoples: a Global History. 5th ed. Vol. 1. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.
Bulliet, Richard W. et al. The Earth and Its People: A Global History. 2nd ed. New York: Houghten Mifflin.
...e Earth and Its Peoples, Second Edition. CENGAGE LEARNING, n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2014. .
Throughout the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, almost every country in Africa was imperialized by other countries in Europe. To imperialize is to conquer another country, whether it be in the means of politics, economics and/or culture, and control that land. The aftermath for the imperialized country was either beneficial or harmful. The amount of African countries that a European country imperialized varied. Great Britain imperialized fifteen countries in Africa, including Egypt in 1882, Sierra Leone in 1808, and the Union of South Africa in 1910. Although Great Britain’s reasons to imperialize were selfish, Britain helped each country progress afterwards.
Revolutions, whether successful or not, inevitably change the place in which they happen. In the early 20th century, nearly all of Africa was colonized by European powers. Colonialism, and Africans’ ill feelings toward being colonized, inspired unity, desire for social change, and an urge for independence. Revolutions were imminent in Africa due to the strict policies of segregation, social structure, and feelings of superiority that the Europeans brought. These feelings were ingrained in many people, both consciously and sub-consciously. Many Africans, after independence, fell back into this old routine and when the white populations left, the feelings of superiority and the old social structure continued to manifest
The era of Revolution from 1790-1860 was a crucial period in time. Due to constant conflicts which brought together women equality, former slaves, French oppressors, and the Slave Revolution in the Caribbean. I agree on their passionate voices of what freedom meant in their eyes and how it held them oppressed in place. Although each of these declarations came from different cultural backgrounds all four had stances which gathered large groups of people to agree and create a movement towards their own self-independence.
John P. Mckay, Bennett D. Hill, John buckler and Patricia Buckley Ebrey , A History of World Societies , Special Andrews Edition, 8th edition ( Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007)
The period of 18th and 19th century is marked by the greatest transformations, reformations, revolutions and many other critical events that ever took place in human history. The credit is given to all these revolutions for enlightenment of mankind. The two most important revolutions were the French revolution and the industrial revolution. One can feel that both of these revolutions mutually reinforced each other and later became the back bone of all other revolutions. On the other hand, both revolutions had totally different impacts and consequences at various economical, political and social realms.
The Industrial Revolution, which took place between the 18th and 19th centuries, was a shifting period from primarily agrarian society to industrial society. During this time, many changes took place. Industrialization changed various different industries including technology, transportation, and immigration. Products could now be mass produced using machines. There was no longer a need for highly skilled workers, because of the ease of working a machine. The process of industrialization is called a revolution because it distinguished a change in the way the world operated.
Bulliet; Crossley; Headrick; Hirsch; Johnson; Northrup. The Earth and Its Peoples. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2008.