Evolution of Management
In this paper I will be explaining the evolution of management from the beginning of the industrial revolution to present which includes Classical School of Management, the Human Relations/ Behavioral School of Management, Theory X and Y, the Scientific Approach, Contingency Approach, and Theory Z. I will also be comparing the classical style and the present style to each other and to my current work environment.
The Classical school of thought began during the Industrial Revolution around 1900 and continued into the 1920s when new problems related to the factory system began to appear. Managers were unsure of how to train employees (many of them non-English speaking immigrants) or deal with increased labor dissatisfaction, so they began to test solutions. Traditional or classical management focuses on efficiency and includes scientific, bureaucratic and administrative management. Bureaucratic management needs a rational set of structuring guidelines, such as rules and procedures, hierarchy, and a clear division of labor. Scientific management focuses on the "one best way" to do the job. Administrative management emphasizes the flow of information in the operation of the organization.
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...g. Fayol believed that all managers performed these functions and that the functions distinguished management as a separate discipline of study apart from accounting, finance, and production."
(Online - http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Log-Mar/Management
Thought.html)
[3] "McGregor recognized that some people may not have reached the level of maturity assumed by Theory Y and therefore may need tighter controls that can be relaxed as the employee develops."
(Online - http://www.envisionsoftware.com/articles/Theory_X.html)
[4] "This approach arose out of the observation that the three earlier approaches to management - the Classical, the Behavioral, and the Operations Research - did not always lead to an acceptable solution"
(Patrick J. Montana and Bruce H Charnov, Management, Third Edition, page 30)
Along with the development of organisations and corporations over the past 200 years, organizational behaviour and the associated concepts have undergone revolutionary changes. From Adam Smith (1776) to Peter Ferdinand Drucker in the 21st Century, numerous experts have proposed and advocated various concepts and ideas on organisational behaviour and associated practices. For example, Smith (1776) has noted that the division of labour, and this method and idea has been accepted and adopted in different kinds of organizations during those periods. Next, the Principles of Scientific Management was proposed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911, which has focused on how to maximize the benefits to staff, mangers and society, moreover, it also developed
Management as a science focuses on specific best practices for management. Classical management is known as the oldest form of management and it focuses on making an organization more efficient. Maybank is using administrative management which is one of the classical management to manage the whole organization rather than individual employees. Henri Fayol was the frontier in administrative management and it contains 14 principles
Dated back in 1984, Henri Fayol a French mining engineer developed and proposed fourteen principles for management and at the same time come up with five main elements of management. Planning, organizing, coordinating, commanding and controlling were Fayol’s version. As time goes by and generation changes, these five elements of management had been modified and reduced to four, which is plan, lead, organized and control. Fells (2000) claim that Fayol’s theory of management is appropriate and relevant for management nowadays. However, there are still other individual disagree with his theory and thought it is no longer relevant to the society nowadays. However, Foyal’s process of management idea had been the main basic structure of management, which creates clear and relevant set of guidelines that managers will be managing an organization by using the organization resources efficiently and effectively (Dianne 2008). Fayol’s five principles of management are still relevant for managers in this new century as it is the basic of management. The ideas could be modified enable it to suit the new generation or society but it should not be scrap off from management as it had been the guideline for managers and proven its effectiveness in assisting managers to developed perfect managing skills for many years. In this essay I will try to prove Fayol’s five elements of management is still relevant for managers in this new era because it had been a guideline, although been modified enable to suit the new society but it still relevant as it is the basic of management.
It is disputable that management is a vital part for businesses to be successful. A sensible manager can lead his firm to operate in a proper way. Nonetheless, the field of management has not really solved the fundamental question for around half a century, ‘What does a manager actually do?’ In order to administer a company, Fayol (1949) holds the view that management should interact with subordinates in five basic elements. They are planning, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Although these five words have dominated management vocabulary after Fayol presented them, there are still many people argue his perspective over this century. In this essay, I will discuss Fayol’s viewpoint critically through an analysis of his and others sight on management, outline the rationale behind Fayol’s argument and demonstrate further perspective on management.
Management as we know it into being in the late nineteenth century, during the industrial revolution. Before the advent of this period, most societies were mostly agrarian with the majority of the people living in rural areas. Some families carried out production as an occupation, although with time some people became more specialized in one job or another. The main basis of management was based upon two main assumptions. One was that labor was untrustworthy and would only perform under a tight leash. Secondly, they considered labor to the main factor of production that could be easily controlled. This therefore meant that the cost of production could be reduced by making them put more effort into work, work for longer periods and for the same amount of pay, or even less.( Ukessays, n.d. Industrial Revolution & Management Theory. Retrieved from http://www.ukessays.com/essays/business-theory/industrial-revolution-management-theory.php). There was a need to change the management theories in order to increase efficiency. This just means utilizing an organization’s resources more profitably. ( slideshare, n.d. Chapter 2 The Evolution Of Management Theory. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/bsetm/chapter-2-the-evolution-of-management-theory).
When management is mentioned, it is difficult to ignore the view of Frederick Taylor, as he is being viewed as ‘the father of scientific management’ and he was ‘an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency.’(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor).
Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol are both considered classical contributors to management theory. Both were developing and expression their viewpoints at similar time period with the aim of “raising standard of management in industry” (Brodie,1967, p7) in a period were very few publications and theories on management. While both theories were developed with the same influencing factors such as war, social struggles and industrial revolution (Urwick. 1951, p7) each developed quite different management theories. Frederick Taylor is considered the Father of Scientific management and he developed scientific principles of management, focusing on the individual,...
Management plays a significant role in how business operates. The diversity of approaches to the theoretical and practical background of management has come up with several versions of what is meant by such key words as management and organization. The academia views expressed in relation to management theories take a different role than that prescribed to managers. There has not been any concrete definition of management even though the classic definition of Henri fayol still remains in contention to be the preferred choice after eighty years. In the context of what is required I would like to elaborate on the following journals.
In this modern era of technology and advancement, corporate/ Public & Private institutions are more focusing on productivity and constant growth through adapting different management styles and philosophies in order to hold strong their grip on market fluctuations and existence. They are working on more diversified concepts of management philosophies along with other factors that have influence on both Public & Private sector organizations.
The classical approach to management was the result of an effort to develop a body of management thinking and the management theorists who participated in this effort are considered the pioneers of management study. The classical viewpoint emphasises efficiency in managing wo...
The founding father of scientific management theory is Fredrick Winslow Taylor. He was an American mechanical engineer and an inventor. Modern management theorist Edward Deming credited Taylor for his contributions while Joseph Juran criticized his work for extracting more work from workers. However a careful reading of Taylor’s work will disclose that he placed workers interest as high as the employer’s in his studies. Before the principles of management are discussed it is very important to understand the causes which led Taylor to derive the four principles of management. The three causes are as follows:
There are three well-established theories of classical management: Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, Fayol?s Administrative Theory, Weber?s Theory of Bureaucracy. Although these schools, or theories, developed historical sequence, later ideas have not replaced earlier ones. Instead, each new school has tended to complement or coexist with previous ones.
There are several theories that examine an organization and it’s approach to managing work in an effort to develop efficiency and increase production. Two classical approaches to management are Taylor’s scientific management theory and Weber's bureaucratic management theory. Both men are considered pioneers of in the study of management.
The evolution of management though the decades can be divided into two major sections. One of the sections is the classical approach. Under the classical approach efficiency and productivity became a critical concern of the managers at the turn of the 20th century. One of the approaches from the classical time period were systematic management which placed more emphasis on internal operations because managers were concerned with meeting the growth in demand brought on by the Industrial revolution. As a result managers became more concerned with physical things than towards the people therefore systematic management failed to lead to production efficiency. This became apparent to an engineer named Frederick Taylor who was the father of Scientific Management. Scientific Management was identified by four principles for which management should develop the best way to do a job, determine the optimum work pace, train people to do the job properly, and reward successful performance by using an incentive pay system. Scientifi...
Classical management theories which are based on the contributions made by scholars like Henri Fayol, Fredrick Taylor and Max Weber, are often viewed as highly structured, hierarchical, emphasis on strict division of labour and centralisation of power (Miller, 2012),. Although these theories have taken inspiration from post industrial revolution, and were mostly prevalent in the early twentieth century, we can still see trace...