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Evaluation of Ethical Theories and/or Principles and their Application in Critical Health and/or Social Care Setting
Introduction
An Acute and critical clinical scenario involving life threatening conditions that requires high degree of accuracy with a very small allowable error margin calls for a quick judgement and response from intellectually and emotionally prepared social care professionals ( Stannard, Benner & Kyriakidis 2011 p. 1). In this situation, all the ethical principles are found to be in conflict with each other, necessitating the professional to use ethical theory to enable him/her in determining the relevant principle applicable in that particular situation through metalevel evaluation of all the possible clinical decisions with all their possible consequences and not merely on consequences only ( Zygmond & Boorhem 1989 p. 5).
Critical Evaluation of Application of Ethical Principles in solving the identified ethical dilemma
According to Stannard, Benner and Kyriakidis (2011), acute and critical patient conditions demands that the social care professionals respond with thinking-in-action (clinical reasoning while on the move). All the moral problems arising out of this situation must be dealt with autonomy, justice, non-maleficence and beneficence through careful identification, analysis and resolution whilst combating the problem at hand (Mueller, Hook & Fleming 2004 p. 554). According to Kitchener’s (1985) model as put forth by Zygmond and Boorhem (1989), critical-evaluative level reasoning, comprising of ethical rules, principles and theory, generates the required knowledge to be used in clarification, change and modification of beliefs as regard to attitudes, behaviours and perceptions of both the client ...
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...tilitarian Ethics, Department of Economics, Stanford University, CA 94305–6072, U.S.A
Glod, J. (2008). Principles and Ethics of Clinical Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey
Hinamn, LM. (2010). Ethical Theories:A Very Brief Overview,Phil.321: Social Ethics, Summer 2010, University of San Diego
Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Nd. Principles of Biomedical Ethics
Bulger, JW. (2007). Principlism, Teaching Ethics, Fall 2007
O’Neill, O. (2001). Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics, The Gifford Lecturers, University of Edinburg
Johnson, J. Nd. Some Major Ethical Theories Handout Two: Deontology and Justice, philosophy 164: medical ethics
Lawrence, DJ. (2007). The Four Principles of Biomedical Ethics: A Foundation for Current Bioethical Debate, Journal of Chiropractic Humanities
Sarah Cullen and Margaret Klein, “Respect for Patients, Physicians, and the Truth,” in L. Vaughn, Bioethics: 148-55
Veatch, Robert M.,"The Normative Principles of Medical Ethics." In Medical ethics. 1997. Reprint, Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 1989 29-56.
Denise Dudzinski, PhD, MTS, Helene Starks, PhD, MPH, Nicole White, MD, MA (2009) ETHICS IN MEDICINE. Retrieved from: http://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/pad.html
Siegler, M., and W. Winslade. "Ethics in Medicine." Clinical Ethics. By A. R. Jonsen. 7th ed. N.p.:
During week 4, we became familiar with the application of ethics in the nursing practice settings. We learned about ethical theories and principles, which are crucial when practicing in any clinical settings during ethical decision-making and while facing one or multiple ethical dilemmas. Also, we were introduced to the MORAL model used in ethical decision – making progress. The MORAL model is the easiest model to use in the everyday clinical practice, for instance at bedside nursing. This model can be applyed in any clinical settings and its acronyms assist
An ethical dilemma is defined as a mental state when the nurse has to make a choice between the options and choices that he or she has at her disposal. The choice is a crucial task as the opting of the step will subsequently determine the health status of the concerned patient, hence it requires a great deal of wisdom along with proper medical and health training before any such step is opted as it is a matter of life and death. Strong emphasis should therefore be on the acquisition of proper knowledge and skills so that nurses do posses the autonomy to interact with patients regarding ethical issues involved in health care affairs and address them efficiently. It is normally argued that nurses are not provided sufficient authority to consult and address their patients on a more communicative or interactive level as a result of which they are often trapped in predicaments where their treatments of action and their personal beliefs create a conflict with the health interests of the patient. (Timby, 2008)
Health Care workers are constantly faced with legal and ethical issues every day during the course of their work. It is important that the health care workers have a clear understanding of these legal and ethical issues that they will face (1). In the case study analysed key legal and ethical issues arise during the initial decision-making of the incident, when the second ambulance crew arrived, throughout the treatment and during the transfer of patient to the hospital. The ethical issues in this case can be described as what the paramedic believes is the right thing to do for the patient and the legal issues control what the law describes that the paramedic should do in this situation (2, 3). It is therefore important that paramedics also
In this diverse society we are confronted everyday with so many ethical choices in provision of healthcare for individuals. It becomes very difficult to find a guideline that would include a border perspective which might include individual’s beliefs and preference across the world. Due to these controversies, the four principles in biomedical ethic which includes autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice help us understand and explain which medical practices are ethical and acceptable. These principles are not only used to protect the rights of a patient but also the physician from being violated.
Gedge, E., & Waluchow, W. (2012). Readings in health care ethics (2nd ed.). Toronto, Ontario: Broadview Press.
Steinbock, Bonnie, Alex J. London, and John D. Arras. "The Principles Approach." Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine. Contemporary Readings in Bioethics. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. 36-37. Print.
Ethics refers to the values and customs of a community at a particular point in time. At present, the term ethics is guided by the moral principles that guide our everyday actions. These moral principles guide the researcher into deciding what is ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. The foundation of medical ethics is governed by two philosophical frameworks: deontology, and utilitarianism. However, ultimately, the ethics committees need to balance the risks, and benefits for the participants and the community associated with the particular research proposal.
Several ethical principles that are incorporated in the nursing care of patients on a daily basis are nonmalificence, autonomy, beneficence, justice, fidelity and paternalism. Nurses should strive to comply to as many of the principles as possible. In this case there are principles which support and conflict with the wishes of the patient. The first principle that supports the wish of the patient is autonomy. Autonomy means that competent patients have the right to make decisions for themselves and the delivery of the healthcare that they receive. Another factor that would support the patient’s wish to not be resuscitated is nonmalificence. Non maleficence means that nurses should not cause harm or injury to their patients. In this case the likelihood of injury after resuscitation was greater than if the patient were allowed to expire. A principle that could have negatively affected the outcome of the provision of ethical care was paternalism. Paternalism is when a healthcare provider feels that they know what is best for a patient, regardless of the patient’s desire for their own care. I demonstrated the principle of paternalism because I thought that I knew what was best for the patient without first consulting with the patient or family. This situation might have had some very negative consequences had the patient not have been competent. Practicing a paternalistic mindset might have caused a practitioner in the same instance to force their ideas about not resuscitating the loved one onto the family. This could have caused a sense of remorse and loss of control of care amongst the
McGee, Glenn and Arthur L. Caplan. "Medical Ethics." Microsoft® Encarta® 98 Encyclopedia. © 1993-1997: Microsoft Corporation. CD-ROM.
20 Feb. 2014. Nardo, Don. A. Biomedical Ethics.
Garrett, T. M., Baillie, H. W., & Garrett, R. M. (2010). Health care ethics: Principles and problems (5thed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.