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Importance of morality
Philosophy of accounting ethics
What is the importance of morality
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Introduction
There has been an increasing call for the consideration of ethics as part of accounting education programme and management globally in recent years. Many professional bodies are requiring ethics coverage. We regularly see calls for more ethical behavior in business in the media. Businesses need to clean up its act, including the phases and concepts as concern for environment, concern for employees, stakeholder interest, and the need for people to take a position. The study of ethics does not provides a list of things which are right or which are wrong, rather it provide a framework for understanding and analysing the impact of a decision from an ethical perspective. Ethics and the law may be distinguished as legal behavior may not be considered as ethical. A regularly ethical problem faced by accountants are the choices of valuation techniques, changes in accounting standards, or alternative treatment in audit and financial reporting can lead to vary reporting outcomes and it can alter the readership and hence the accountants are exploiting professional choice and flexibility to present a particular picture with the objective to change the way a reader think. This is no longer the objective an accountant going about their activity but a deliberate act of manipulation for the purpose of manipulating other’s opinion. This is obviously an ethical element which should be explored. In this assignment, our group is going to study about what’s ethics got to do with accounting?
Definition and importance of ethics
Individual action is being observed and evaluated by other as positive or negative action in every profession (Mohamad, et al., 2011). According to Needles and Powers (2011), ethics is “a code of conduct that appli...
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...ster, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Ingram, R. W., & Albright, T. L. (2007). Financial accounting: Information for decisons (6th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western.
Mohamad, R., Hanim, J., Asma, N., Bakar, R. A., Yusof, R. N., Ishak, R., . . . Duchac, J. E. (2011). Accounting: A Malaysian perspective (4th ed.). 5 Shenton Way, Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia.
Needles, B. E., & Powers, M. (2011). Principles of financial accounting (11th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Oppel, R. A., & Sorkin, A. R. (2001, December 3). Enron's collapse: The overview; Enron corp. Files largest US claim for bankruptcy. The New York Times. Retrieved from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/business/enron-s-collapse-the-overview-enron-corp-files-largest-us-claim-for-bankruptcy.html
Rawls, J. (1999). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Reimers, Jane L. (2003). Financial Accounting A Business Process Application. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
Financial statement analysis: theory, application and interpretation / Leopold A Bernstein and John J. Wild 6th edition Mc Graw Hill 1998
Romney, Marshal, and Paul Steinbart. Accounting Information Systmes. 10th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2006. 193-195.
What does ethics have to do with accounting? Everything, since there have been some recent financial accounting scandals; a few examples being Xerox, WorldCom, Enron, which have generated much unwanted and unfavorable publicity for CPA's, including those working as controllers or chief financial officers for organizations.
Ethic is defined as a set of moral principles or values, a theory of system of moral values, the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group. In all its form, ethics deals with what is good and bad, and with moral duty and obligation. Hence, ethics is either a set of principles held by an individual or group, or the discipline that studies the set of principles (Duska, Duska, & Ragatz, 2011). Ethical theories provide principles that can be useful when solving dilemmas whereas business ethics refers to the ethical values that determine the interaction between a company and its stakeholders. The three major approaches in normative ethics identified are virtue ethics, deontological and utilitarianism (Kraut, 2012), but in this paper the focus is on the two major one proposed for the accounting profession – deontology and utilitarianism.
Marshall, M.H., McManus, W.W., Viele, V.F. (2003). Accounting: What the Numbers Mean. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.
Ethical issues in business arise because of conflicts between an individuals personal moral philosophies and values and values or attitudes of organization in which a person works and a society in which one lives. Ethical issues can be identified in terms of the major participants and functions of business. Ethical issues related to ownership include conflicts between manager’s duties to the owners and their own interests, also separation of ownership and control of business. Financial issue includes, for example, the accuracy of reported financial documents. Ethical issues can acquire between manages and employees, then employees are asked to carry out assignments they consider unethical. Consumers and marketing issues are related to providing safe desired products for a fear price and not harming people and an environment. Accountants also face ethical dilemma, they have to deal with competition advertising commission. All of this places the accounting profession in situation of ethical risk.
Gibson, C. H. (2011). Financial reporting & analysis: Using financial accounting information. (12th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Albrecht, W. S., Stice, J. D., Stice, E. K., & Skousen, k. F. (2002). Accounting Concepts and Applications. Cincinnati: South-Western.
Accounting ethics has been difficult to control as accountants and auditors must keep in mind the interest of the public while that they remain employed by the company they are auditing. The accountants should take into account how to best apply accounting standards when company faces issues related financial loss. The role of accountant is crucial to society. They serve as financial reporters to owe their primary constraint to public interest. The information provided is critical in aiding managers, investors and others in making crucial economic decisions. An accountant is responsible for any fraudulent financial reporting. Some examples of fraudulent reporting are:
Accounting Theory: Conceptual Issues in a Political and Economic Environment (6th edition ed.). South Western College Pub.
When working within any professional body, an individual will be subjected to circumstances in which personal ethics will come into play. The Accounting profession is no different as ethical questions arise as part of any working day and can effect how an individual or the company conducts business. These questions can vary greatly in practice from selection of new customers to the rates at which those clients are going to be charged. These ethical questions are raised regularly within the workplace and each employee will react to them differently. The varying reactions will depend on the morality of each individual, or each employees own ‘ethics’. As each employee has their own set of values companies must be alert to the fact that some of their employees may have more ‘flexible’ morals than others. This ‘flexible’ morality can lead to corruption and manipulation within the workplace and can give companies serious problems. As a result of this, all of the main professional accounting bodies have begun to re-introduce mandatory courses teaching ethics to their employees. As well as this, ‘A Guide to professional ethics’ was published which contains a number of different principles in order to govern the behaviour of accountants and also to identify and reduce the greatest areas of risk with respect to unethical behaviour.
Ethics is derived from the greek word ‘ethos’, which means character and the latin word ‘moras’, which means customs. Thus ethics is defined as the personal and professional behaviour with regards to the values, customs, behaviour, principles and morals of society (Senarante, 2011). Professional ethics can be defined as the personal and corporate standards of conduct that is carried out by members of a particular profession. For example, medicine, accounting and engineering. Professional ethics or business ethics cover larger areas than the law, and although an issue may not be illegal, it can be considered as an ethical issue (ATT Ethics, 2013). Business ethics can be defined as the policies and principles that act as operational guidelines
The aim of this paper is to provide the framework of the current professional accounting code of ethics. What are the ethics and how we define them? In this report we try to determine the main ethical principles that will establish the right and
... middle of paper ... ... Chicago, IL: Illinois Institute Of Technology's Center For The Study Of Ethics In The Professions, 1980. 158 Pp. -.