Manjinder Nanrey 12855110
To release RNAPII from pausing from the promoter proximal hairpin loop requires the recruitment of proteins such at TAT and P-TEFb. Currently supporting, but oversimplified, models tell us that Tat bind to the hairpin loop created by the Tar sequence of the HIV LTR, which then recruits P-TEFb. Through the use of CDK9, p-TEFb then phosphorylates Ser2 of the CTD, and allow for elongation. Nevertheless, it has been found that another protein called TCERG1 is involved in Ser 2 phosphorylation. This protein, originally called CA150 (2), has been characterized in the past, but there hasn’t been an appropriate model available that describes how TCERG1 works in vivo with regard to HIV-1 transcriptional elongation. In our current paper we have evaluated the role of TCERG1 and hypothesis that TCERG1 is a cofactor for HIV transcriptional elongation. We looked at the effects of TCERG1 knockdown by shRNA in PBL and Jerkat cells transfected with the HIV-1 LTR with the Luciferase reporter fused on the env gene, and found that both basal and Tat-activated transcription were diminished. This suggested TCERG1 served as a positive regulator of transcription. To test TCERG1’s effect on elongation we measured the amount of transcript at the distal regions of the LTR in HEK293T cells with a deletion of the Reverse transcriptase of HIV-1 transiently transfected plasmid. We found that TCERG1 knock down decreased transcript production by 30-40%. To directly measure the transcription rate we measured the level of transcript from the using 2 lines, one of which did not contain the shRNA for TCERG1 (control). We treated both cell lines with DRM, which block gene transcription in vivo, and measured the recovery of the distal tran...
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In the novel, Hamid also explores Changez’s relationship with Erica as a metaphor of the challenges faced by South Asian Americans in their efforts to assimilate and “become” American through one, the morning after Changez came down for breakfast, he and Erica were the only two there and so they had a conversation. In their conversation, Erica asked him about his home life in Pakistan, to which Changez replied,
In humans and other eukaryotes, there is an extra step. RNA polymerase can attach to the promoter only with the help of proteins called basal (general) transcription factors. They are part of the cell's core transcription toolkit, needed for the transcription of any
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Gene therapy is a relatively new concept owing mainly to our current knowledge of the human body and the relatively modern understanding of genetic coding and process. We now are able to better identify and understand the genetic causes of human ailments, and are just beginning to understand how to fix, replace, or eradicate the chromosomal basis for these issues; this is the concept of gene therapy. However logistically dealing with the small structure of genes, chromosomes, and DNA is not as easy as repairing a cracked wall or damaged water pipe, we are dealing with complex and microscopic materials that ordinary tools cannot deal with. Manufacturing such tools to deliver corrective DNA into affected cells within the body is just one of the obstacles that scientists and researchers are facing.
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Research from the University of California San Diego Scripps Institution of Oceanography said that species in the ocean consume a projected 12,000 to 24,000 tons of plastic every year in the Pacific Ocean (Nall, 2014). Pollution of recyclable materials in the oceans is one of the leading causes of why some marine species are nearing extinction. Many authors of articles and books analyzing this topic tend to agree that pollution of our oceans is a problem. The future of this problem is where their ideas tend to differ. The following four literature reviews attempt to demonstrate and support my belief that pollution is getting worse in the ocean and more marine life ecosystems are being affected, but there are things that we as humans can do to change this. Imagine a world where we didn’t have to constantly worry about the vicious cycle of humans affecting animals and then animals in turn affecting us through consumption.