Materials Advantages
Natural Silk, collagen, gelatin, fibrinogen, hyaluronic acid, alginate • Biodegradable
• Easily available
• Bioactive, interact with cells
Synthetic PEG, PGA, PMMA, PLGA • Facilitate restoration of structure of damaged tissues
• Inert
• Long shelf-life
• Easily tailored for desired porosity and degradation time
• Predictable and reproducible mechanical and physical properties
Table 1. Natural and synthetic materials (Anandika Dhaliwal,2013)
Application on 3D model that contribute to Oral Cancer
Three-dimensional (3D) in-vitro cell culture is a system best in reflecting or mimicking the in vivo cancer cell behavior and its progression in cancer microenvironment (Gurski et al., 2010). As before, cancer research is depends on 2D model and the small animal test model to study on the tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis (Godugu et al., 2013). However, animal model is not an ideal for long term and large scale research although it response with the more accurate tumor environment. Besides, 3D cell culture is beneficial over 2D cell culture system as 2D model unable to completely study on the cell-cell interaction during tumor progression as 3D model does. The removal of tiny piece animal or human cancerous tissue or obtained of the cell-line is required in the 3D model in which the tissue cell will interact with the organized matrix of 3D model and express the similar cell behavior (Godugu et al., 2013). 3D model also require precise considerations on the cell density, culture surface composition, culture medium used, supplements such as growth factor, pH, serum and oxygen in which all of these may affect the cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis.
Besides of the commercial availabl...
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...of technology nowadays is improves the research finding about cancer. The scientist tried to find an alternative way to understand the biological of the cancer then further it can be used as aids to testing the efficacy and molecular mechanisms of novel and existing drugs to treat cancer patient. The integrated 2 dimensional (2D) and 3 dimensional (3D) were significantly increased cancer detection for both screening services. Hence the 3D is meet the desired of cancer whereby they had an ability to mimicking the nature of the cancer. It is useful for us to understand more about cells and cell-matrix interaction that occur during tumour growth and invasion. Besides can be reduce the rate of false-positive finding as seen with screening cancer. By improved the effectiveness of the system that already to be applied to prevent and localized and disseminated cancer.
The acquisition of an immortalized proliferative potential is very important for human tumors because, otherwise, the tumors will not grow in number nor will they metastasize. Mutations in progenitor cells would not be transmitted too far as they have limited replication and proliferation ability. Thus, the growth of the tumors will be limited. Hence, if there is even a very small population of cells with the ability to proliferate continuously, there will be a source for productions of more cells for the tumor. Clonogenic assays have shown that, though most cells in a tumor have a limited ability to proliferate, a subset of cancer cells exist in these tumors that continuously proliferate and give rise to new tumors on transplantation.
Surgery is the oldest type of treatment for cancer. In its earlier use, surgery was not as successful as it is today. This was due to the difficulties involved with the anesthesias, excessive blood loss, respiratory distress, and a number of other complications. Tumors were removed, but metastases had formed, and the cancer returned quickly. In modern day surgery, namely laser surgery, these difficulties do not occur as readily. There are four basic ways to use surgery. One way is a diagnostic biopsy. This is a technique that involves removing part of the tumor, in order to test for malignancy. Another technique is surgery that removes the primary tumor. A third technique is removal of lymphatic tumors and metastases, which can help reduce the recurrence of cancer. The fourth technique is a combination of surgeries to detect and treat a malignant or benign tissue mass (1).
Cancer starts when certain cells in the body are mutated or changed and begin to divide. Cancerous cells grow differently than normal cells, instead of progressing through the normal cell lifecycle, cancer cells continue to grow and create more abnormal cells. A specific trait of cancer cells is that they have the ability to infiltrate and grow into surrounding tissues, developing out of control and causing serious damage to the host (Vincent, 2008). Cells become cance...
As modern humans, we understand that the quality of our health is affected by the negative impacts, such as air pollution, water and food. Science is developing in much faster way but at the same time number of problems are also arising. Problems like infectious diseases, diseases without any treatment or whose treatments are available up to a lesser extent such as Lung cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, penile cancer etc. Cancer is responsible for one in seven deaths. It is epidemic disease thefore its consequences can be seen worldwide. More than twelve million new cases diagnosed yearly and the rate is increasing much faster (Hegde, j.j. 2009). Large number of patients die after developing cancer despite the availabity of various treatments, therefore there is a increase demand for a developing new approaches to cancer therapy. There are number of treatments available but the problem is that they have number of side effects, disturbance or effect on the norm...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2013) defines cancer clusters as a larger than anticipated amount of similar cancer cases arising at a given time among members of a defined community. Cancer clusters present many challenges due to the complexity of the analytic process and the abundance of inquiries and concerns. Because the research and studies of cancer clusters in the United States have uncovered few conclusive determinants, many states are hesitant in dedicating excess resources and money to the meticulous processes. Seeing the issue of discovering potential environmental hazards as a priority, Maryland is employing a specifically appointed workgroup to process all community concerns to enforce serious deliberation and thorough investigation of questioned cluster sites around the state (Department of Legislative Services, Office of Information Systems [DLSOIS], 2013).
Tumor Boards and Multidisciplinary Physicians: An Ethnographic Inquiry of the Influence of Social Hierarchy on Cancer Treatment Decision-Making
Healthy cells grow and divide in a way to keep your body functioning properly. But when a cell is damaged and becomes cancerous, cells continue to divide, even when new cells aren't...
The American Cancer Society is a volunteer-based organization that is present across the United States. Its main purpose is to raise money and awareness about the severity and prevalence of cancer. Cancer education and research is where most of the focus and monetary donations are used for. The American Cancer Society strives to fulfill their goal of “less cancer and more birthdays” across all generations and populations (ACS Inc., 2011).
The authors, members of the Stanford department of medicine, explore the applications of using organoid cultures for cancer modeling purposes. Organoid cultures contain epithelial and mesenchymal components and provide a more accurate multi-lineage cell culture comparable to in vivo systems while also allowing in simple in vitro manipulation techniques. The organoid systems also utilized an air-liquid interface methodology which supports organoid growth as epithelial and mesenchymal hybrids without the necessity for growth factor supplementation and allows in vitro cancer modeling in a “more physiologic milieu” than what was previously possible using transformed cell lines or exclusively epithelial cultures. This has increased utility in an oncology setting due to the ability for is situ histologic observations regarding dysplasia and transformation in an organ context. These results are not found when modeled in standard cell lines, revealing new information about neoplasm growth and development without involving in vivo methods. New developments are exploring the necessities for increased large scale system observations before in vivo or medical trials, and organoid systems are allowing this in a convenient and useful
In the case a family friend or colleague has just been diagnosed with Cancer. How the American Cancer Society might provide education and support and what ACS services I would recommend. To be diagnosed with cancer can be a very distressing, devastating, demoralizing and depressing issue. Being diagnosed with any kind of cancer will not only affect the individual person mentally and morally, it will also affect family members and the first thing that will come into the mind of any lay person is that they probably will die very soon. The first approach the I think the American Cancer Society will do is become supportive by evaluating the person and the family and then ACS will provide information, education and also will identify other cancer
The East Pennsboro elementary school raised money for a statue at a local park. The statue was a ring of children that were holding hands. There was one child missing; the link was broken. The statue was dedicated to East Pennsboro students that did not make it to their graduation. My sophomore year of high school inspired this piece of artwork.
Cancer develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of
BE (colon carcinoma), LS174T (colon carcinoma), SW962 (squamous cell carcinoma), WM266.4 (melanoma), A375P, and A375m2(melanoma) cells were analyzed to test for cell invasion relative to the controls used.
Clinical trial is biomedical or health related research studies in human being that follow a pre-defined protocol. Research is an activity designed to test a hypothesis that helps in concluding and developing knowledge. It is a protocol that has an objectives and procedures to reach those objectives (1). There are two types of clinical studies. One is interventional studies in which the research subjects are assigned by the investigator to a treatment or other intervention, and their outcomes are measured. Second is an observational study in which individuals are observed and their outcomes are measured by the investigators.
A very novel achievement of this digital technique is that images of living cells were formed in 2003 for the first time by using this. This technology is equally good for living, dying and died cells.