The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914 and achieved great success in improving the socio-economic status of blacks in both the USA and his native country, Jamaica, in the 1920s. Although it experienced a gradual decline in support in the 1930’s, Garvey was arguably the most prominent black nationalist figure to emerge in the twentieth century. However, despite its influence, it is clear that the organisation often neglected to give a voice to the numerous black women in its ranks, many of whom were heavily involved in the UNIA from its beginnings. Scholars like Tony Martin have drawn attention to important leading figures within the UNIA who were females, such as Amy Jacques Garvey, Henrietta Vinton Davis, M. De Mena and Amy Ashwood Garvey in emphasising the role of women within the organisation. Nevertheless, these women activists were somewhat atypical from the average female UNIA member; although they fought for gender equality, most did not have the opportunity to occupy such high positions or receive acknowledgement for their contributions. This essay will endeavour to construct a detailed analysis demonstrating that while their numbers were substantial, it is clear that the roles and responsibilities of women within the Universal Negro Improvement Association were largely subordinate to those of men.
The vast amount of scholarly works that have been published on Marcus Garvey and the UNIA have tended not to focus strongly on the work of females within the organisation, instead focussing on the extent of Garvey’s success and the influence of the UNIA both in an American context and internationally. E. David Cronon, for example, questions the significance of Garvey himself,...
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...women thou art royal and the fairest.” Furthermore, in ‘The Black Mother’, he also highlights the role of women as nurturers and carers in the verse: “If on life’s way I happen to flounder, my true thoughts should be of mother dear, she is the rock that ne’er lifts asunder, the cry of her child, be it far or near.” Through this imagery of the black mother as a “rock”, he reinforces the traditional notion that childcare and motherhood are the sole responsibilities of womankind. Thus, as Honor Ford Smith notes, women were “relieved of certain onerous tasks” in the UNIA, and instead leading Garveyites praised maternal traits and their physical appearance. Tony Martin gives evidence of this by pointing out in his article, Race First that the UNIA publication, The Negro World frequently sponsored beauty contests and printed images of beautiful figures of femininity.
The Universal Negro Improvement Association is an organization (UNIA) that was developed by a man named Marcus Garvey. Now Garvey was not the only one to have established this organization, however he was the face of it. His ideas, connections, work, and influences where all huge factors in establishing the UNIA. However, creating Garvey’s vision into a reality was not an easy road, the organization changed a lot through out the decades and has impacted many lives. The Universal Negro Improvement Association and Marcus Garvey did not just stop at singling out one object, but reached out in many different ways also.
In Julie Roy Jeffrey’s, The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism, the main argument is that although many historians have only focused on the male influence towards eliminating slavery, it was actually women who were the driving force and backbone of abolitionism. Jeffrey explores the involvement of women, both white and black, in the cause and uses research from letters, societal records, and personal diary entries to delve into what the movement meant in their lives. The first chapter of Jeffrey’s book is entitled “Recruiting Women into the Cause;” it goes into detail about how women first got involved in the abolitionist movement. This involvement mainly started in 1831 when women began submitting publications, such as poems, about anti-slavery in a newspaper, published by William Lloyd Garrison, entitled the Liberator. In 1832, Garrison started a women’s section/department in his newspaper in the hopes that it would encourage women to get involved.
Anna Julia Cooper’s, Womanhood a Vital Element in the Regeneration and Progress, an excerpt from A Voice from the South, discusses the state of race and gender in America with an emphasis on African American women of the south. She contributes a number of things to the destitute state African American woman became accustom to and believe education and elevation of the black woman would change not only the state of the African American community but the nation as well. Cooper’s analysis is based around three concepts, the merging of the Barbaric with Christianity, the Feudal system, and the regeneration of the black woman.
and the academic endeavour, to illuminate the experiences of African American women and to theorize from the materiality of their lives to broader issues of political economy, family, representation and transformation” (Mullings, page xi)
JoAnn Marshall - The Roles of Southern Women, Black and White, in Society. Lillian Smith provides a description of the typical black woman and the typical white woman "of the pre-1960's American South" (Gladney 1) in her autobiographical critique of southern culture, Killers of the Dream. The typical black woman in the South is a cook, housekeeper, nursemaid, or all three wrapped up in one for at least one white family. Therefore, she is the double matriarch of the South, raising her own family and the families of her white employers: "It was not a rare sight in my generation to see a black woman with a dark baby at one breast and a white one at the other, rocking them both in her wide lap" (Smith 130). The southern black woman's duties extend far beyond rearing children, as she also serves as a family counselor, confidant, and nurse for the entire white family (Smith 129) and her own if time permits.
"Open Statement - The Help." Welcome to the Association of Black Women Historians Website. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Dec. 2013.
Female abolitionists, white and black, were less than intimidated by the public attitude of white males who claimed that women's’ protection should be found necessary at all times during the fight to end slavery(Beecher). Catharine Be...
The NAACP means National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. It was formed on February 12, 1909 in New York. A group of black people formed it when a group of white citizens wanted to have social justice. There was an issue called the “Call”. It was a collection of 60 signatures. They had a few famous black people at their meeting, such as Ida B. Wells, W.E.B DuBois, Henry Moscowitz, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villiard, and William English Walling. They all led the “Call”. It renewed the civil and political liberty. It is a network of 2,200 branches. It also covers 50 states. It even covers the District of Columbia, Japan, and Germany. It is divided into seven regions. The NAACP is managed and governed by a National Board of Directors. The biggest headquarter is in Baltimore, Maryland. They have over 500,000 members existing today. The NAACP has made great strides toward the advancement of African Americans. (General History, 2014).
Overarching research on women of color (African American, Native American, Latina/Hispanic, Pacific Islander American, and Asian American) and the impact of racism and sexism as interrelated constructs on their academic aspirations is limited. A few scholarly pieces that explore racism and sexism as intersecting constructs, primarily focus on understanding the relationship between these isms and the mental health of women of color (DeBlaere & Bertsch, 2013; DeBlaere, Brewster, Bertsch, DeCarlo, Kegel, & Presseau, 2013;Martin, Boadi, Fernandes,Watt, & Robinson-Wood, 2013).More specifically, extant literature suggests one of the major consequences women of color experience in relation to racist and sexist events is psychological distress, which can be understood as concerns including depression, low self-esteem, and self-hatred, among others (King, 2003; Hipolito-Delgado, 2010).
For, in relinquishing, a mother feels strong and liberal; and in guild she finds the motivation to right wrong. Women throughout time have been compelled to cope with the remonstrances of motherhood along with society’s anticipations Morrison’s authorship elucidates the conditions of motherhood showing how black women’s existence is warped by severing conditions of slavery. In this novel, it becomes apparent how in a patriarchal society a woman can feel guilty when choosing interests, career and self-development before motherhood. The sacrifice that has to be made by a mother is evident and natural, but equality in a relationship means shared responsibility and with that, the sacrifices are less on both part. Although motherhood can be a wonderful experience many women fear it in view of the tamming of the other and the obligation that eventually lies on the mother.
The writings of Booker T. Washington, Marcus Garvey, and W.E.B. Du Bois postulate a formula for the advancement of African Americans. Each formula can be traced to its advocate’s respective life experience. While their individual formulas differ in the initial priorities and the necessary steps described, when viewed collectively as points in a progression, those points at times intersect and then diverge, and at other times they are divergent and then intersect.
Marcus Garvey founded the UNIA in 1916. Marcus Garvey was a black nationalist from Jamaica. He brought the UNIA to America in desires of reestablishing black pride by returning African Americans to Africa and Africa to Africans. (Davidson, et al, p. 661) Marcus Garvey pushed for the separation of the races. “When Garvey spoke at the first national UNIA convention in 1920, over 25,000 supporters jammed Madison Square Garden in New York City to listen” (Davidson, et at, p. 661). The gathering was the first mass movement of African Americans in history. (Davidson, et at, p. 661) The UNIA had over 30 branches and over half a million people. Marcus Garvey was sentenced to prison in 1925 for mail fraud. He oversold stock in his company, Black Star Line, which was founded to return African Americans to Africa. Although his vision was destroyed, the image of a dignified black man standing up against racial bigotry and intolerance was not. (Davidson, et at, p. 661)
The 1920’s were a period of struggle for African-Americans. Slavery was abolished, but blacks were still oppressed and were in no way equal to whites. However, at this time blacks were starting to make some progress toward racial equality. The Harlem renaissance started the first real sense of African-American culture through art, jazz, dance, and literature. There was also at this time the beginning of strong African-American movements to further the black race. A prominent movement was led by W.E.B Dubois that focused on educating blacks to create equality. On the other end of the political spectrum was Marcus Garvey, who led the movement for blacks to unite as a race against oppression. Marcus Garvey’s background had a strong impact on his beliefs, which acted as a catalyst for his life’s work. Garvey’s involvement had a strong influence on the black population and the African-American civil rights movement of the 1920’s.
Welter, Barbara. “The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860.” Nineteenth Century Literature March 1966: 102-106. Jstor. On-line. 10 Nov. 2002.
Welter, Barabara. (Summer, 1966). The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860. American Quarterly. Vol. 18, No. 2, Part 1, pp. 151-174