Investigative question
Which drinks have the most acid?
Hypothesis
If drinks are tested to see which has the highest acidity, then Sprite will have the highest acid level.
Research
The pH scale measures acidity of a solution based on hydrogen ion (proton) concentration (Chen). A hydrogen ion is an atom of hydrogen that has lost its electron (Pearson 218). Acids raise the hydrogen ion concentration, while bases lower it because they accept hydrogen ions. The pH scale goes from 0 to 14. Acids have a pH between 0 and less than 7. Neutral substances, like water, have a pH of 7. Bases range from above 7 to 14 (Williams 168). A pH meter has a special sensor which tests liquid samples for acidity or basicity (Williams 167). Another way to measure acidity is to use litmus paper. It also measures acidity and basicity, like a pH meter (Chen). When red litmus paper is dipped into a basic solution, it becomes blue. When blue litmus paper is dipped into an acidic solution, it turns red (Newmark 42).
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Bases have a bitter taste and a slippery feel (Tarvin). Some types of acids include: citric acid (which is most commonly found in drinks), acetic acid, sulfuric acid, hydroloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, lactic acid, boric acid, and perchloric acid (Williams 163).
Variables
Independent variable: the different drinks I am testing Dependent variable: the amount of acid in different drinks
Conclusion
These experiments showed that water, iced tea, and milk are the least acidic drinks, while Coke, lemonade, and grape Crush are the most acidic, and therefore most likely to cause acid reflux. The results proved the hypothesis wrong, because Coke had a higher level of acidity than Sprite. In fact, Sprite was not even in the top three. It had a pH of 3.30.
Procedure
First gather all of the materials
Calibrate the pH meter
Rinse in water to make neutral
Open the first can of soda and pour it into a cup and put the pH meter in
The purpose of this experiment was to identify the numerous volatile compounds not listed on the label, determine the quantity of chloride present, and to determine the various species of citrate and phosphate present in Gatorade. The volatile compounds in sports drinks are usually labeled as “natural flavors” and were identified using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS). The quantity and determination of chloride was determined using the ion selective electrode (ISE) method. The various species of citrate and phosphate were identified using titration and the data collected from the ISE.
Most substances fall on a scale ranging from the most acidic to the the most basic with neutral substances falling somewhere in the middle. Scientists call this the pH scale. pH levels are measured in numbers,0 to 14. The closer a substance is to zero the more acidic it would be. The closer to 14 the more basic a substance would be.Now what defines an acid and a base, one might ask? There are three ways of defining acids, each singling out a specific property. The first theory is the Arrhenius Theory with states, that an acid is a substance that produces the ion H+ when in a water solution, while a base is a substance which produces the ion OH- when in a water solution. Examples of an Arrhenius acid are HCl and HNO3. Examples of an Arrhenius base are NaOH and AlOH3.
A substance which accepts proton in water solution is called base. Bases turn litmus red and form salts when react with acids. They have PH greater than 7.
An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+ or hydrodium ionsH3O+ in solution. There are three “kinds of acids”: Arrhenius, BrØnsted-Lowry, and Lewis Acid. An Arrhenius acid is a substance the increases the concentration of hydrogen ion, H+ or hydronium ions H3O+when dissolved in water. You must have water. A BrØnsted-Lowry acid is any substance that donates a hydrogen ion, H+ to another substance. A Lewis acid is any substance that accepts a lone pair of electrons.A strong acid is one that breaks apart close to 100% when in solution (example HCl). When dissolved in water, HCl breaks apart into H+ and Cl- ions. Not all acids break apart. A weak acid is/are chemicals that do not break apart well. Acids have a sour taste, they are: corrosive and electrolytes. Acids react with active metals (group 1 or 2) to produce hydrogen gas, H2 They also react with bases to produce salt and water (a neutralization reaction). An Arrhenius base is any substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water. A BrØnsted-Lowry base is one that accepts a hydrogen ion, H+. A Lewis base is any substance that donates a lone pair of electrons. Bases have a bitter taste, bases react with acids to produce a neutralization reaction, and solutions that are basic feel slippery. On the pH scale, 7 is neutral. An acidic solution will have a greater hydrogen ion than hydroxide ion concent...
The ingredients in Sprite are carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, citric acid, natural flavors, sodium citrate, and sodium benzoate (n.d. 2012). Sprite originated in Germany where it was know as “Clear Lemon Fanta”. It wasn’t until 1961 that Sprite was introduced to the U.S. in order to compete with 7-Up. Today, Sprite is sold in over 188 countries (History of Sprite Coke n.d.). In their advertisements, Sprite frequently uses the word “lymon”, which combines the two words “lemon” and “lime”, to describe the flavor of the drink. In Australia and New Zealand, Sprite is called “lemonade”, and in Ireland and Canada, there is no difference between 7-Up and Sprite. There is also no distinction between Sprite and Schweppes lemonade in South Africa (The Soda Factory-Sprite
Coke continuously out-stands Pepsi, even though they share a very similar taste and colour, however Coke should not be the drink that receives all the love and attention for what it offers. Despite their similar soda colour, the drinks actually contain some different ingredients, which produce a different taste, and affect the body differently. Furthermore, the way the companies markets their drinks makes a huge contribution to how successful their products will become. The major element for success however stems from their impact on society and how the companies utilize their social power to evolve. The two major soda companies are constantly head to head with one another, yet it is what they do that sets them apart.
The third question received only forty responses due to the fact that it didn’t relate to the ten respondents of the survey that claimed to not drink any soda at all. This question asked my classmates whether they drink caffeinated or non-caffeinated soda. Approximately 93% of respondents drink caffeinated while a small percentage of 7.5% consume non-caffeinated. Results to the third question are listed below in Figure
My science fair project is, “what brand of candy contains the most acid?” I am going to use three different brands of sour candy, “War Heads”, “Jolly Rancher sour bites” and “Sour Patch”. I tried these candies and they are really sour. I want to conduct this experiment because I am trying to find out what candy is safest to eat. If you consume too much citric acid it can cause health problems, like vomiting and bleeding from the tongue and mouth. Citric acid is a sharp-tasting crystalline acid present in the juice of lemons and other sour fruits. It is made commercially by the fermentation of sugar and used as a flavoring agent!
The experiment, focuses on the effects of acidic drinks on teeth. In this experiment, the scientist is trying to answer which liquids; Arnold Palmer, Coffee, Coca Cola, V8 Splash Tropical Blend, and crest pro-health toothpaste, affect your tooth enamel the most. The Independent Variable are four ounces of each liquid, and the dependent variable is the staining of teeth. The Constants are the toothpaste, toothbrush, the amount of time the eggs stay in the liquid, and the type of eggs used. The units used while measuring the effect of liquids on teeth is ounces.
Originally, concepts of acidity came from the ancient Greeks who said that sour tasting substances were oxein, later mutated into the word vinegar acetum which became to “acid”. These substances were eventually found out not only to define sour things, but also be able to change litmus paper and corrode metals. On the contrary, bases were defined and studied by their ability to counteract acids and followed behind chemical characterizations of acids. The more rigid term called alkaline is from an Arabic root word roasting because the first bases were from the soap making substances which were obtained from roasting ashes then treating them with water and slaked lime.
Acid-Base balance is the state of equilibrium between proton donors and proton acceptors in the buffering system of the blood that is maintained at approximately pH 7.35 to 7.45 under normal conditions in arterial blood. It is important to regulate chemical balance or homeostasis of body fluids. Acidity or alkalinity has to be regulated. An acid is a substance that lets out hydrogen ions in solution. Strong acid like hydrochloric acid release all or nearly all their hydrogen ions and weak acids like carbonic acid release some hydrogen ions.
It changes from blue to red with acids but loses its colour in the presence of certain chemicals, one of which is vitamin C. DCPIP solution can be used to test for the presence of vitamin C in foods. Hypothesis Orange juice has the highest content of vitamin C. Citrus fruits have a higher content of vitamin C. The orange and lemon juice contain more vitamin C than the pineapple juice. Furthermore, as lemons are more acidic than oranges, I predict that the orange juice will contain more vitamin C than the lemon juice. Vitamin C affects, the ph the more vitamin C the higher the ph. Variables Independent Variables Different fruit juices (Pineapple, orange and lemon).
0.498 • Plate II o Solution 5: Beverage A Rf: 0.519 o Solution 6: Beverage B Rf: 0.535 o Solution 7: Beverage C Rf: 0.3 Permanganate Test Substance Tested Observations Rxn? Fresh Aqueous Aspartame Stayed purple No Solution 4 Brown w/ precipitate Yes Solution 6 Brown w/ precipitate
The freshly squeezed citrus juices of Lemon,lime and orange were analysed through titration over the period of 2 weeks. Initially the lime juice was found to be slightly more acidic than the other juices followed by lemon juice and then orange juice since it is known that usually lime is more acidic than lemon and orange. It was hypothesised that the acidity of each juice will increase or decrease after the period of two weeks depending upon the sugar content of that citrus fruit that the juice is extracted from. The acidity of the juice with the highest sugar level will gradually increase over the period of time since sugar contribute to the the fermentation of the citrus juice to lactic acid. The hypothesis was shown to be correct;however
For the solid sodium chloride, using distilled water will make it an aqueous solution. Just like before using red and blue litmus paper will only indicate that the sodium chloride is neutral. The same can be done for sodium carbonate since it is soluble in distilled water, making it easy to determine whether it is an acid or base when using litmus paper. In this case, sodium carbonate is a base so red litmus paper will turn blue when the solution of sodium carbonate is dripped on to it.