The 30 Years’ War was caused by European religious turmoil heightened by political and economic rivalries. Analyze ways in which the conflict resolved some of these tensions while establishing a new European order.
religion Catholics VS Protestants politics Competition over New World, Trade economics New European Order : nationalism, Absolutism, Nation States, French and Dutch went up, Spain went down. England strived.
4 paragraphs
Louis XIII was absolute monarch, took control on religion of France
Tolerance of Religion
Not allow to be calvinists
4 phases
B and D---local and religion
S and F--- continental and politics
Religion gradually had less influence on European but politics took more control
Henry IV---converted to Catholic---cared more about his power but not religion---in order to unite the country
How does the war solve religious conflict?
Edict of Nantes, Henry IV, Strengthen Protestant European
Peace of Augsburg
How did the war resolve political rivalry?
Shifted from religion to politics. Spanish Charles V---decline of holy Roman Empire---nationalism
New World---rise and fall of
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In 1555, Charles V of Germany signed the Peace of Augsburg which allowed both Roman Catholic and Lutheranism to be practiced in Germany. Charles V failed to unify the religion of the whole country and finally took the religious compromise. It was clear that religion started to have less impact on the relationship between countries. In 1598, the Edict of Nantes was granted by Henry IV, the King of France, to give his Protestantism subjects a great measure of religious freedom. Frenchmen got tired of the religious warfare and wished only for peace. This was one of the first decree of religious tolerance in Europe. People no longer fought for religions; instead, they were more concentrated on maintaining their political
The Protestant Reformation in Europe caused conflicts between the Catholics and Protestants, but ultimately ended up in unity. The first religious war was fought between the Schmalkaldic League and Charles V. That war ended up in the Peace of Augsburg, which let each German state choose their leader, and all of the people
The Edict of Nantes had given Protestants, or Huguenots, in France the ability to practice their religion without fear of violence or persecution. Enacted in the late 1500s in an effort to resemble France after the destruction of the French Wars of Religion, the Edict of Nantes served as a means to unite the French population and end the violence that often accompanied religious persecution. Louis’ decision to revoke such a peace-promoting edict, in an effort to homogenize his country and align his subjects with his own beliefs, clearly illustrates his giving of priority to his own agenda, as opposed to that which would best benefit his country. However, while the claim that the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes was detrimental to French society, seems to be disproven by Doc 6, which essentially asserts that the king’s revocation has resulted in the rapid conversion of “whole towns” and describes the king as “the invincible hero destined to… destroy the terrible monster of heresy”, the author’s inherently biased point of view must be addressed. This description, which could be used as evidence to support the fact that Louis did act in interest of the state, must be taken with a grain of salt as the author himself, a member of the Assembly of the Clergy, does not even have the best interest of the state in mind; rather, he is
Martin Luther and the protestant religion that he advocated pushed a separation of church and state. By the time of the
Through all of the time before and after the Great Schism, the issues present after the war
Social and economic stresses of The Protestant Reformation age were just among few of the things that impacted the ordinary population of Europe. The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, and cultural disorder that divided Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the ordinary population. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice. In 1555 The Peace of Augsburg allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany; and in 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years’ War. The key ideas of the Reformation, a call to purify the church and a belief that the Bible, should be the sole source of spiritual authority. However, Luther and the other reformers became the first to skillfully use the power of the printing press to give their ideas a wide audience.
These two opposing religions had their differences be known be the other side and would fight for their ideas to be the ones all to follow. Conrad Russel states in his book The Causes of the English Civil War, that England “was a society with several religions, while still remaining a society with a code of values and a political system which were only designed to be workable with one”. Inside the Church of England was essentially two churches, Protestant and Catholic. Both sides were determined that their religion was going to be the one in the church and not the one outside looking in. Both sides wanted to control the authoritative powerhouse of England and would do anything to have the Church of England become the church of their religion. However, religious differences did not just occur between the citizens, it also occurred between King Charles I and Parliament. First off let’s look at King Charles himself. Charles was a very religious monarch who liked his worship to be High Anglican. He also believed the hierarchy of priests and bishops was very important, which alarmed Parliament because they believed that King Charles was leaning towards the idea of Catholicism in England. King Charles’ form of worship was seen by the Puritan faith as a form of popery. This upset them because they wanted a pure worship without icons or bishops. To clarify, popery is the doctrines, practices, and ceremonies associated with the pope or the papal system; Roman Catholicism. Charles also wanted to support William Laud who was the leader of the High Church Anglican Party because they had recently became prominent. Parliament strongly disagreed with the King’s decision because they feared that Laud would promote Roman Catholicism ideas and
The wars going on throughout Europe through this era were claiming territories through conquest, marriage alliances, or inheritance agreements on the basis of religious uniformity (429). In the 1540’s Germany’s Charles V set into motion attacks against the German princes who were proponents for Lutheran worship. This failed due to the financial taxing of the war Germany had going on with France as well as the fear that the oppression of the Lutheran prices would be similarly done to the Catholic princes in time. In 1955 the Peace of Augsburg was instituted, stated that where Lutherans ruled, Lutherism would be the religion, and the same for Catholic regions. This treaty, while successful in Germany, would set the standard of division of religion throughout Europe (430–431).
Henry VIII was actually a Roman Catholic, but in 1527, he decided he wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, who had become too old to grant him a male heir, a forbidden practice in the Catholic Church. The pope denied his appeal for divorce, and in 1534 Henry VIII was made head of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy, which cut the Pope’s power in the country and allowed Henry to get the divorce he desired. The act also dissolved the monasteries in the country. However, Henry’s personal religious beliefs remained Catholic. His main reason for breaking away from the Catholic Church was desire for divorce, and a male heir, not any disagreement over the doctrines of the Church. He was not aiming to form an entire new religion, only to escape the rule of the
Excommunication was sought out by Pope Gregory, this effect caused all of the oaths sworn by Henry to become meaningless. Henry was put into an unbelievable predicament, he sought out the forgiveness of Pope Gregory trying to beg to be forgiven but Pope Gregory was not too keen on the idea of that just yet. With Henry continuing to beg for forgiveness this demonstrated to the world that the religious leaders had authority over secular leaders. Henrys son, Henry V was not sufficiently satisfied with the outcome of his father’s embarrassment, he took a pope named Callistus II captive in order to force a compromise which was more sympathetic to his own political position. This was known as the Concordat of Worms, it was established so that the church had the right to elect bishops and invest them with their religious authority of the ring and staff. All of these events led to the separation of the church and state, it was the principle that government must maintain an attitude of neutrality toward religion to balance out the political powers that were
The Treaty of Westphalia was a paper that ended the predominantly blood wars on religion. This treaty was signed on Saturday, October 24, 1648, putting forth new changes through Europe by influencing its diplomacy throughout many nations. The Treaty of Westphalia set forth a new change for the tolerance for new forms of religion. Creating a tolerance to new forms of religion was considered as one of the biggest steps for modern-day diplomacy, each state had a view on what should be considered of what should be considered a righteous religious. The idea to bring forth of acceptance the forms of Lutherism and Calvinist in the same form of those as in the Roman Catholic Church was a way to create reasonable negotiation between the many different
Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I may have been the English Reformation’s greatest benefactors, all because of self interest. Henry VIII was not originally Protestant, but after the pope denied him of his divorce, Henry VIII took things into his own hands. Due to the power kings had in the Middle Ages, Henry VIII was able to control Parliament and force it to do whatever he wanted. So in 1534, Henry VIII forced Parliament to pass a law he made known as the Act of Supremacy. The Act of Supremacy stated that the king ought to be the head of the Church of England. This law gave the king complete power over the Church of England, instead of the pope. However, the type of church and state relationship did not change. Rather all the Act of Supremacy did was take power from the pope and give it to the king. Surprisingly, the Catholics did not retaliate against this strong change. The pope had always been the head of the church, but now the king had taken his position. This serves as an example of nationalism. The Catholics did not think about how removing the pope could harm their religion in any way. However, instead the people blindly followed Henry VIII because he was the leader of the nation and they assumed he was right. Also, by imposing other laws that punished Protestants, Henry VIII did not give the people much of a choice. Fortunately, for Henry VII, nationalis...
The Holy Roman Empire was an empire in central Europe consisting of many territories and ethnicities. Once very powerful, the empire’s authority slowly decreased over centuries and by the Middle Ages the emperor was little more than a figurehead, allowing princes to govern smaller sections of the empire. Though the various ruling princes owed loyalty to the emperor, they were also granted a degree of independence and privileges. The emperor, an elected monarch, needed the allegiance of the princes and other aristocracy to support him, in turn giving them power or money. This tenuous allegiance between powers was greatly strained in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as religious reform dominated Europe and religious tensions divided the empire. Beginning in the sixteenth century, the empire’s power significantly declined because of the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation split the empire’s states into Protestant and Catholic divisions, straining the peace between territories. Though the relationship between the princes and the emperor had already been tenuous, the princes, seeing the religious divisions, sensed weakness in the empire and further challenged imperial authority. The Holy Roman emperors battled Protestant princes in Germany into the seventeenth century, where tensions were still high from the Reformation and wars of religion – initially contained to the German territories – began to include other territories and states. As more European states joined the conflict, the Holy Roman Empire continued to deteriorate. From the early sixteenth to the mid seventeenth century, the Holy Roman Empire’s power declined greatly because of its internal religious rifts, conflicts (in particular the Thirty Years War, whic...
The problem began with the Peace of Augsburg. The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 granted the princes of each country the choice to decide which religion their territory would choose. The attempt of the Peace of Augsburg was to bring peace and tolerance between Protestants and Catholics. However, the Peace of Augsburg slowly faded into tension for several reasons. The people were unhappy because they did not have the religious freedom given to the Princes. The Rulers were unhappy because many Protestants, meaning those other than Lutheran, were still considered to be heretics.4 Also, the Catholic-counter reformation in Germany began...
Profitable interests and competitions played a part, so did people’s religion and the power politics. This essay will cover the key countries in the war, how the Thirty Years’ War ended, and the effects of the war. Learning about the countries involved, how the war ended, and the effects really showed me how much the Thirty Years’ War changed the European area and changed the lives of the people that lived there. Everyone is going to have their own opinion on the war and how it turned out, but personally I find that the war actually created a positive outcome for the European region. Just look at some positives such as the Holy Roman Empire and the Hapsburgs losing power, also changing the way of their religion, boundaries, and reign of power within the states.
Henry did not want Lutheranism to spread, so he chose to write "Defense of the Seven Sacraments," which was a retaliation towards Luther. The Pope of the time was very grateful for Henry's defense of the religion, therefore deeming him "Defender of the Faith." Many years later, after years of marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Henry wished for an annulment because of Catherine's inability to provide him with a male heir to the throne. However, Catherine wasn't willing to agree to the divorce, so therefore the Pope denies the annulment. In spite of the Pope's disagreement, Henry chose to remarry in secret, forcing the clergy to follow his demands. Thus, he had his new archbishop declare his marriage to Catherine invalid. With this, the Pope threatened Henry with excommunication, which caused Henry to pass an act in which made him head of the church in England. This left him with ultimate power over the church, therefore Henry is known as an individualistic reformer for this reason. Though first being recognized as a supporter of the Pope and the Catholic church, Henry's supreme ideals and wants against the church caused him to behave in an individualistic manner.