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Short essays about the effects of chronic traumatic encephalopathy
An essay about chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Argument for chronic trauma encephalopathy
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Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease attributed to single, sporadic, or repetitive brain trauma, including concussions and subconcussive hits (Baugh et al., 2012; Wortzel et al., 2013). This disease was originally referred to as dementia pugilistica, and nicknamed “punch drunk,” because individuals suffering from this disorder would present symptoms that were similar to someone’s mannerisms while being intoxicated (Wortzel et al., 2013). This “drunken” behavior is thought to be attributed to the cognitive, mood, and behavioral alterations as a result of the repetitive hits to the brain over an extended period of time. Because individuals suffering from this disease are often exposed to conditions that allow them to sustain blows to the head multiple times, the populations most often examined in these studies are athletes (football, boxing, rugby) and/or individuals in the military (McKee et al., 2009). Individuals can be symptom free for several years (Baugh et al., 2012). The onset of symptoms are sometimes seen about eight to ten years after an individual retires from their sport, which roughly equates to someone aged thirty to fifty yeas old (Baugh et al., 2012; Wortzel et al., 2013; Karantzoulis and Randolph, 2013). As with all diseases, symptoms can range from mild to severe. Researchers have found a positive correlation between the number of brain injuries sustained during a length of time playing a sport and the severity of symptoms (McKee et al., 2009). The specific brain regions affected by CTE are often debated, but some of the areas most commonly agreed upon to show deterioration are: limbic system (thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, mammillary bodies), hippocampus, cerebral cortex, fron... ... middle of paper ... ...pic is relatively new, there needs to be more reliable, objective, and longitudinal studies conducted so researchers can gain a more concrete understanding of the disease’s natural course and symptoms (Karantzoulis and Randolph, 2013; Wortzel et al., 2013). Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, previously referred to as dementia pugilistica, can be understood as a tauopathic, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disease. While there is no neurobiological or neuropathological explanation as to why CTE occurs, the majority of researchers believe the disease is strongly related to previous head injuries. An individual suffering from CTE will most likely experience changes in their mood, behavior and cognition. Because this is a relatively new area of research, there are still a vast amount of unknowns pertaining to the disease’s symptoms, pathology, and natural course.
He Appeals to Logos when he writes, “Over the past two decades it has become clear that repetitive blows to the head in high-impact contact sports like football, ice hockey, mixed martial arts and boxing place athletes at risk of permanent brain damage….Why, then, do we continue to intentionally expose our children to this risk?” He continues by writing, “If a child who plays football is subjected to advanced radiological and neurocognitive studies, there can be evidence of brain damage at the cellular level of brain functioning…. If that child continues to play over many seasons, these cellular injuries accumulate to cause irreversible brain damage, which we know now by the name Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy,” a disease founded by Dr.Omalu in 2002. C.T.E can cause “major depression, memory loss, suicidal thoughts and actions, loss of intelligence as well as dementia later in life.” C.T.E has also been linked to “drug and alcohol abuse as children enter their 20s, 30s, and 40s.” Dr.Omalu Appeals to Ethos when he writes, “As physicians, it is our role to educate” and “protect the most vulnerable among
1. What is a TBI? What is CTE? What happens inside the brain? How could playing football lead to development of CTE?
Violence is a common cause of TBI. This is especially true for acts of intentional aggression, such as when one individual assaults or abuses another. Research has shown that TBI caused by child abuse has a high mortality rate, and even those who survive still suffer the side effects of the injuries. A study was conducted involving pediatric patients from 2001 to 2010 in order to determine if victims of nonaccidental trauma (NAT) suffered an increased risk of morbidity from TBI. According to Deans, Minneci, Lowell, and Groner (2013), NAT resulting in head trauma is generally caused by “not only deceleration injuries but also repetitive high-velocity rotational forces (shaking), resulting in a more global injury called diffuse axonal injury (DAI) or s...
Omalu issue a retraction of the paper and alluded to the research being a misunderstanding of the medical literature of CTE of boxers (dementia pugilistica). Dr. Omalu and his colleagues drafted a response to the MTBI’s criticisms that stated they would be happy to collaborate with the NFL and the MTBI to develop an optimal research program regarding CTE. Others who also commented on the initial article for the most part backed Dr. Omalu et al in their position that this was the initial case and as stated more research was needed to solidify these findings. Dr. Omalu expressed his great frustration with the MTBI’s response in a later interview, especially regarding the issue that his research did not mention or allude to punch drunk syndrome.
McKee, A.C., Cantu, R.C.,Nowinski, C.J., Hedley-Whyte, T., Gavett, B.E., Budson, A.E., Santini, V.E., Lee, H.S., Kubilus, C.A., Stern, R.A. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes: Progressive Tauopathy After Repetitive Head Injury. 2009. Boston, MA: Neuropathology Neurol.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide for which there is no cure. Many patients who survive from TBI may experience permanent cognitive loss, behavioral issues, and emotional disturbances, which require daily medical or social attentions.[1, 2] It is believed that over 2% US population is experiencing TBI-associated disabilities which create an annual burden evaluated at $60 billion on direct (medical service) and indirect (loss of productivity) costs.[3, 4] Traumatic brain injury is complex which consists of a mechanical trauma (primary injury) and a resulting biochemical cascade (secondary injury), and lead to a wide diversity of symptoms.[5]
...Rimel and Jane (1996) study they examine neuropsychological functioning in college football players, they wanted to determine the presence and duration of symptoms after a concussion. Injured athletes showed a cognitive functions declined. They also found that brain activation patterns showed a decrease in activation of the right hemisphere, players with head injuries showed the normal symptoms for the first few hours but with in five days the impairment had resolved. They found that these athletes showed significant improvement between 24 hours and five days (Macciocchi et al., 1996).
Traumatic brain injury or TBI occurs when a child has a head injury that causes damage to the brain. These injuries can be caused from being hit in the head or violently shaken. The results of TBI can change how a person’s brain develops, how they act, move, and think. It can also affect how they learn in school (NICHCY, 2012). TBI can affect the way a child thinks, retains information, attention span, behavior, speech, physical activities (which includes walking), and the way a child learns.
The American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) states, “A high 90% of boxers will sustain at least one brain injury by the time their career ends.” (AANS, 2010) The British Board of Sports Medicine reports from 1998 to 2006, there were 70 deaths caused by injuries related to the sport of boxing. (Espinoza) Boxing is an art of attack and defense with the fists and is practiced as a sport. Boxing at one point was one of the components of the Ancient Olympic Games from 644BC and was banned from Roman times until the 17th century. In recent times there has been widespread debate in both the medical and lay press about the neurological risks of boxing with many calls to ban boxing as a sport. This review seeks to establish evidence for the development of boxing-related chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The review also seeks to establish and determine the relevance of this information to the modern day sport. As medical presence within the sport increases and with modern boxers likely to have shorter careers, a reduced exposure to repetitive head trauma with improved treatment and understanding of the development of CTE will occur. This should lead to the incidence of CTE diminishing in boxing populations. (McCory, Tsharni & Cameron, 2007)
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, also known as CTE, is a neurodegenerative disease where an excess amount of tau, an abnormal protein, builds up inside of the brain. According to “A critical review of chronic traumatic encephalopathy”, the disease also creates “multiple blockages of the axonal transport to the brain cells, along with white spaces in the brain on a MRI scan.”, as
A tampering rod through the head is how 25-year-old Phineas Gage became the most notable case of Traumatic Brain injury of the 19th century. With more than 1.7 million people each year who sustain an injury, why does this one case become so interesting? The reason behind this is the result of the injury. When Gage had the tampering rod penetrate his skull it completely changed his personality. From a once mild mannered individual to a foul mouth and persistent person, Gage became interesting cases in history. Gage starts us off with our topic of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) because in the US there are around 50,000 deaths, 270,000 hospitalizations, and 1.36 million who are treated and released to go home (Alzheimers Organization, 2014). A TBI is defined when an external mechanical force causes brain dysfunction.
New research, brought to light by Barlow (2018), informs readers that concussions have been wrongly blamed for the cause of CTE. A CTE, or Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, is a brain disease where tau protein gathered around blood vessels. However, it has recently been discovered that this disease is caused by repeated head trauma, not concussions.
The condition known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is an uprising concern of football players of all ages. CTE originally was thought to affect only boxers and was identified as dementia pugilistica. CTE has been diagnosed in several cases. CTE was brought to attention with suicide deaths of NFL player Junior Seau, and professional wrestler Chris Benoit murdered his wife and son before committing suicide. Children should not play tackle football because it can cause problems mentally for those younger than 12, children do not understand the consequences, and it can tear families apart.
When thinking about the disease that athletes get, and hearing more and more about it in the media, it has become a growing idea of what should be done. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS) affects that brain in a major way. This disease makes it so the brain does not send signals through the body. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy(CTE) is a general description of a category of diseases. These diseases include Dementia, Alzheimer’s, Huntington's, and Frontotemporal Dementia. Dementia and Alzheimer’s are comparable, while Huntington's and Frontotemporal Dementia are comparable. Recent research has shown that athletes are at a higher risk of obtaining these diseases due to the constant strikes to their bodies and heads. Athletes should be able to
CTE is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the brain most commonly noticed in athletes with repetitive head trauma. This trauma triggers progressive degeneration of the brain tissue, also the build up of a protein called Tau. Tau buildup causes an overuse in enzymes and damages the part of the brain that controls memory and learning. Athletes in sports such as soccer, may not realize the damage repeated impacts to the head can actually have because it seems so innocent. Therefore, the causatum of these impacts will be much more drastic. There are 4 different types of CTE that are associated with this type of brain trauma; Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Dementia, and Huntington's Disease. Alzheimer's and Dementia have more similar symptoms like, erratic behavior, cognitive decline, also mood and behavior changes. Although they are similar, Alzheimer’s is generally fatal and has a more drastic effect on the patient’s memory and mental decline whereas Dementia is not always incurable. Parkinson’s and Huntington's diseases also have similar symptoms such as; tremors and spasms as well as speech impairments muscle weakness and changes in behavior. In the past, CTE was only diagnosable through diseased patients, but research shows some cases being diagnosed in living subjects by using brain scans to search for the tau