1. Introduction 1.1. Significance of Carbohydrates: Massive distribution of carbohydrates in nature makes them indispensable for life. Carbohydrates like cellulose, pectin and starch serve as fundamental structural components by constituting 50-80% of dry weight of plants. Simple monomeric units such as glucose form oligosaccharides by means of a covalent connection known as glycosidic linkage. Additional linkage of these oligosaccharides results in the formation of long chain polysaccharides which not only play a pivotal role in the nutrition of humans and animals but also contribute as basic substrates in manufacturing of many fermentation products. Production of many industrial products like enzymes and antibiotics is carried through the Cellulose Degradation: In nature, cellulose is degraded by micro-organisms that decompose wood (soil bacteria). Bacterial flora present in the intestinal tracts of plant eating organisms (herbivores and termites etc) rapidly degrade cellulose with the aid of cellulase enzyme system. Cellulases are produced by fungi and bacteria: seeds of higher plants and malt also possess cellulase. In addition, cellulases are found in worms, caterpillars and snails. Native cellulose is degraded by the synergistic action of three different hydrolytic enzymes. 1. Exocellulase, also called as exobiohydrolase, 2. Endicellulase, also known as endoglucanase, 3. β-Glucosidase, also called cellobiose (Gray et al., 2010). The work of Reese in 1950 helped in elucidating an understanding of the complex action of cellulases. The two-step degradation process as suggested by Reese requires an activation reaction followed by hydrolytic cleavage. The activating but non-hydrolyzing enzyme was named as C1 activity. According to this concept, micro-organisms having the potential to degrade crystalline cellulose have C1 activity. This potential has not been seen in enzymes that attack only substituted cellulose like carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) or hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC). They have only Cx activity (Reese,
The shape of the molecules is changing and so the enzyme molecules can no longer fit into the gaps in the substrate that they need to and therefore the enzymes have de – natured and can no longer function as they are supposed to and cannot do their job correctly. Changing the temperature: Five different temperatures could be investigated. Water baths were used to maintain a constant temperature. Water baths were set up at 40 degrees, 60 degrees and 80 degrees (Celsius). Room temperature investigations were also carried out (20 degrees).
Glycoside Hydrolases are classified into 108 families according with the amino acid sequence similarities. One of these families is GH1 (Glycoside Hydrolases 1), this family consists of enzymes with various substrate specificities, and the enzymes are present is bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota. The 3D structure of 18 of these enzymes had been determined, and although the extent of sequence varies between 17% and 45%, all the enzymes have a common (β/α)8-barrel motif, and two catalytic glutamate residues located at the C-terminal end of β-strands 4 and 7, which may give a clue about the mechanism of these enzymes.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is among the most widely consumed important staple food worldwide especially in Asia. Rice flour (starch) is one of the primary and major ingredients of various food products. Starch is the major carbohydrate of rice flour. Rice starch consists of two major polysaccharides such as amylose (20-30%) and amylopectin (70-80%).Starch physical and chemical properties with unique functionalities are due to these polysaccharide(Slattery, Kavakli, & Okita, 2000). Amylose is primarily linear molecule with comprises α-1, 4 linked glucose chains and amylopectin is branched which is linearly linked by α-1, 4 linked glucose and α-1, 6 branch linkages. Changes in physico-chemical properties are due to difference in length, degree of branching of these polysaccharides.
Gut microbiota plays an important role in human metabolism. The important sources of energy for human and microbial cells are carbohydrates. Most complex carbohydrates and plant polysaccharides, such as cellulose, xylans, resistance starch and inulin cannot be digested by the human enzymes. The gut micro...
Cellulases are o- glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) that hydrolyse β-1,4 glucosidic bonds in cellulose. Cellulase system is grouped into “glycoside hydrolases (GH) family” classified by different means, according to their substrate specifities, reaction, mechanisms or structural similarities. The cellulase complex is found to contain three basic components which may be present either as single polypeptide or can be grouped together into multienzyme complex known as cellulosome. Cellulase system is composed of three main classes based on their activity toward a wide range of substrates. This is rather difficult, since the enzymes have overlapping specificities toward substrates which themselves are poorly defined. The three main classes are:
arg.gov.sk.ca - arg.gov.sk.ca - arg.gov.sk.ca - arg.gov.sk.ca - arg.gov Carbohydrates supply 80-90% of dietary energy. Sugars, starch, cellulose and related substances are carbohydrates. Starch is more easily digested than cellulose. Grains are easy to digest as they are 60-80% starch. A recent study conducted by Sharon R. Bullimore et al.
These compounds have their structures range from linear to highly branched compounds. Examples of storage polysaccharide include, starch and glycogen and structural polysaccharide include cellulose and chitin. Cellulose is a significant polysaccharide as it is the most abundant organic compound in the world. It is made up of the sturdy cell wall that surround plant cells making plant stems, roots, leaves and branches strong. Chewing of plant produce such as salad takes a lot of time and strength due to the effect of cellulose. The rigid structure gives support to the plants position. Additionally, the active nature enables the existence of the paper, lumber and cotton fabric. It is due to this strength that cellulose is used in large number of synthetic products such as carpet thickening and agents in shampoo (Salter, Tucker, & Wiseman,
In chapter 4, which is named, “Cellulose”, is mainly about what products it produces and what effects it had throughout history. Cellulose can be found in most of the plants. For example, the cotton plant has cellulose in it. A reason why slave trade began and continued throughout the years was because of cotton. Cotton was mainly produced in Europe but could be found manufacture in other places. Cellulose can’t be broken down into a smaller molecule so it was a great use for clothing. If cellulose wouldn’t be found no cotton would have been used to produce clothing. With cotton trading routes were extended to the middle east. In chapter 8, it is mainly about how rubber is made from isoprene. We use rubber in a daily basis. Rubber can be found
From the aspect of human nutrition, plants carbohydrates are of particular interest as nutrients. Vegetables and fruits are especially rich in these compounds while there are very low levels in animal tissues.
Working with cellulose poses some problems, as it is inherently difficult to manipulate due to its chemical structure [1,3]. Cellulose is naturally
By taking a Carbon Dioxide, rich substance and mixing it with a yeast, solution fermentation will occur, and then it could be determined if it is a good energy-producer. In this study glacatose, sucrose, glycine, glucose, and water were used to indicate how fast fermentation occurred. The overall result shows that monosaccharides in particular galactose and glucose were the best energy source for a cell.
present at all times but it must retain some of them. All plant life on Earth benefits from the ability of water to make a hydrogen bond with another substance of similar electronegative charge. Cellulose, the substance that makes up cell walls and paper products, is a hydrophilic substance ("water-loving"). It interacts with water but, unlike other hydrophilic substances, it will not dissolve in it. Cellulose can form strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This explains why a paper towel will "wick" water upwards when it comes in contact with it.
One of the main sources of global sugar production and one third of the world sugar production is based on sugar beet. After the extraction of sucrose, about 50 kg sugar beet pulp (on a dry weight basis) per tonne sugar beet processed is left as a by-product [77]. SBP is composed mainly of cellulose (20–30%), pectin (26–40%), pentozan (24%), protein (5%), and lignin (10%) [78]. The major components of SBP is the pectic substances which are complex heteropoly saccharides containing galacturonic acid, arabinose, galactose and rhamnose as the major sugar constituents [79]. Chemically, pectins appear as poly uronides, i.e. straight chains of a few hundred molecules of a-D-galacturonic acid linked by 1–4-glycosidic bounds. Pectins are not pure polyuronides, however; the polysaccharide also contains 1–2 linked a-L- rhamnose molecules (1–4%). Rhamnose residues are covalently bound to L- arabinose and o-galactose molecules (10–15%). In most pectin, some of the galacturonic acids are methyl esterified [80, 81]. Pectic substances contain poly galacturonic acids that carry carboxyl functions and they are known to strongly bind metal cations in aqueous solution and consequently exhibit good capacities to retain metal ions. Because this residue is very sheep
During my undergraduate research project, I had the opportunity to work under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Mozammel Hoq, My research project focused on the production of cellulase by Trichoderma spp. using submerged fermentation technique at a renowned institution ,Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR). Cellulase enzyme has practical application in textile industries. This research experience intensified my interest for pursuing higher education in related fields . After my successful undergraduate research work, I became fascinated by the power of microbes, and the fact t...
The bulk of our diets should be carbohydrates because of the importance that they serve on the body. Carbohydrates give our bodies fuel and energy that allows the rest of our body to function properly. The only other nutrients that fuel our bodies are protein and fats, which have their disadvantages. Protein when consumed in an excess amount actually is not helpful. While fats are only used as fuel by certain areas in the body. Our brains and nervous systems do not find fats to be useful when conducting energy. Carbohydrates not only provide energy for the body but they also help with glucose storage, raw materials, structures and functions, digestive tract health, blood cholesterol, blood glucose, satiety, and body weight. The dietary guidelines