CHAPTER 1
Background of Study
When people see other people yawning, that person will be yawning too. Does human realise about this situation? Sometimes, people yawning not because they felt sleepy, but they just being influenced by other’s that they currently see them yawned (Giganti & Zilli, 2010). This situation is called as contagious yawning. Contagious yawning means that when people’s yawn, it will automatically transfer it to other people that see them yawn and make that people yawn too (Yoon & Tennie, 2010). Contagious yawning happened because a human has the ability to mimic the other people's behaviour. Mirror neurons in the human brain has the ability to copy what others are currently doing(Keysers, 2007). This revealed that, human can mimic the other human behaviour.
During human and human interaction, they automatically mimic their interaction partner such as in speech accent, posture, gesture and mannerism (Lakin, Jefferis, Cheng, & Chartrand, 2003). This is proved by several researched that already conducted. During treatment periods on psychotherapy session, the patient will copy the posture of therapist (Ramseyer & Tschacher, 2008). This research showed that patient mimicked therapist. Other research conduct towards woman on eating shown that, between eating companions, another person mimicked their eating companion by taking a byte at the same time as their eating companion (Hermans et al., 2012). Here shown mimicry can change action of people.
Human behavior on eating differs from one person to another in the way they consume their food. The eating speed of a person can be one of the important aspects of eating behavior. Time constraint might be one of the factors that influence eating speed. People ten...
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... and Observer Perspectives., 329-347.
Roballey, Thomas C., McGreevy, Coleen, Rongo, Richard R., Schwantes, Michelle L., & Steger, Peter J. (1985). The effect of music on eating behavior. Bulletin of Psychonomic Society, 221-222
Shah, Meena, Copeland, Jennifer, Dart, Lyn, Adams-Huet, Beverley, James, Ashlei, & Rhea, Debbie. (2014). Slower Eating Speed Lowers Energy Intake in Normal-Weight but not Overweight/Obese Subjects. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 1 March 2014.
Yoon, Jennifer M.D., & Tennie, Claudio. (2010). Contagious yawning: a reflection of empathy, mimicry, or contagion? Animal Behaviour.
Zandian, Modjtaba, Ioakimidis, Ioannis, Bergström, Jakob, Brodin, Ulf, Bergh, Cecilia, Leon, Michael, . . . Södersten, Per. (2012). Children eat their school lunch too quickly: an exploratory study of the effect on food intake BMC Public Health.
Those who did not require the severe restrictions had a higher body mass index indicating they may eat less but more often and therefore consume the same amount of calories as the participants who required restraint and severe restrictions.
Scott, Elizabeth, M.S. “Music and Your Body: How Music Affects Us and Why Music Therapy
In the United States there is a very high amount of people who are overweight and that number continues to grow. Many people prefer a fast, cheap, and unhealthy meal rather than the alternative of a home cooked meal because it takes time that they do not have and extra m...
British Psychological Society (BPS) (2013) Making music may improve young children's behavior. Available at: http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=134087&CultureCode=en (Accessed: 17 January 2014).
At first, one might see yawning as a silly phenomenon to spend time studying because, well, it is just what happens when we are tired; but it is more complicated than that. We yawn when we are tired, but also when we wake up, when we are bored, and even simply because we see others doing it. When one delves into the unknown of what causes a yawn, he or she will become intrigued by how mysterious the occurrence is and surprised about how little we known about it. The following will discuss the many theories that have been put forward regarding the phenomenon and its contagious qualities and explore the implications and problems with these various theories.
Emotional contagion is having one person's emotions and related behaviors directly trigger similar emotions and behaviors in another person or group of people. This can be done through a two-step process of emotional mimicry and synchronization of one's expressions and by vocalizations and posture feedback and movements. When people unconsciously mirror a partner’s expressions, they come to feel these reflections of emotions as well. Emotional mimicry is one of the most highly adaptive behaviors. One can have muscle movements that mirror the expressions they see, including looking at an angry face that activates the corrugator muscle which activates frowning. Then there is also a happy face that contracts the zygomatic major which helps with
Although most food choose their meals based on taste/moods, it is important to look at the nutrition of what one is consuming as there can be many health risks. Quite often people choose “good” food by what they like when it actually is not “good” at all as it lacks nutritional value. These foods sustain them hardly any time leading to higher consumptions of calories that, on most occurrences, are not burned off. This is how extra pounds add up on people which can quickly and easily, if not addressed, lead to obesity.
Mannes, Elena. "www.npr.org/2011/06/01/136859090/the-power-of-music-to-affect-the-brain." Mannes, Elena. The Power of Music to Affect the Brain. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011.
There have always been discussions of the effects music has on ones behavior, and how it’s related to Psychology. The truth has never really been verified among common knowledge, but it’s usually something that intrigues people. They say heavy metal and rap can make teenagers violent, sad and depressing music can make teenagers sad and depressed, and some say it’s best to listen to classical music when doing schoolwork because it makes your brain more active. There have been many people that reported how music has effects on their behavior. It can lift their mood, “fuel the fire” when they’re angry, or even make it easier for them to fall asleep. People never really get the chance to research the actual science of music, and how it changes people attitudes.
The human perspective of staring, whether it is directly or aversely, is a phenomenon that psychologists have been trying to figure out for decades. Do we notice if someone else is staring at us from a far? What emotions run through our minds if we do feel someone else’s presence among us? Does our behavior change if we figure out someone is staring at us from a distance? The reactions and behaviors of the human mind change with each given circumstance, with each different scenario shedding light on our perceptions. In some cases, there won’t be any change in their behavior. In other cases, a person will behave differently than they normal would, possibly moving faster or even adverting their behavior to reflect or even mask their emotions. This means that a person will consciously change their behavior because of the staring. Numerous variables in which a person is staring, i.e. how far away they are, the intensity of their stare, is directly correlated to how a person will behavior to the staring (Argyle and Dean, 1973). This correlation is seen clearly when the person in the study knows they are being stared at, especially when the person/experimenter is staring directly into their eyes. A person in this situation will more than likely engage in behavior that will gauge how someone else perceives them and then this person will adjust to their other according to that analysis.
Another type of mindless eating behavior is eating too quickly. Your brain needs at least 20 minutes to register that your stomach is full. If you plow through a meal in 10 minutes, you won 't realize you 're stuffed until dessert.
These voluntary actions are then used to express empathy because they are able to put themselves in the position of the other dog, thus they are willing to do “voluntary acts”. For instance, in “Task Differences and Prosociality; Investigating Pet Dogs’ Prosocial Preferences in a Token Choice Paradigm,” dogs in pair of twos were situated in a lab and one dog had the choice to press a button or pull a lever that would present their partner food. If the dog knew its partner, then the dog was more likely to be prosocial and generous and allow the other dog to eat. (Dale et al.). Thus showing empathy through being prosocial by actively aiding another dog in which this canine knew well. Consequently, both dogs would benefit as the first one feels validation because of its good deed, while the other is satisfied due to the fact that its basic needs are being met. However, as later seen in Dale et al.’s study, as much as a dog can be generous, it can also be apathetic and even cruel if it does not know the dog well enough. Later on in the study, the dogs were instead paired with a partner they did not know, and in those circumstances, the dogs were ten times more likely to not enable their partners to eat. That might be due to not pressing a mere switch or pulling a lever (Dale et al.). This shows that dogs can be apathetic and even antisocial by ignoring or not even noticing the signs being demonstrated by their partners. This further shows how dogs can convey empathy, because it illustrates these mammals’ ability to choose whether or not to internalize the other mammal’s situation and act upon it. Which shows that dogs possess a higher level of understanding in the ways in which these mammals can express and give empathy. In closing, while dogs can express empathy
Livosky, Marilyn et al. Psychology Journal. “Personality and Music Preferences in College Students and Young Children.” Mar2012, Vol. 9 Issue 1, p13-25. 13p
We all know why we tend to eat a lot of food – it’s because we get hungry. Some of us get hungry more often than others, and this directly ties in to how often we are accustomed to eating. In our society, it’s common to have large breakfasts, lunches, and dinners, along with desserts
Cooper, Belle. " How Music Affects and Benefits Your Brain."lifehacker.come. N.p., 11 22 2013. Web. 3