Waxes are used in the rubber industry for the production of rubber hoses, conveyor belts, rubber toys, fitting gloves, tires, gaskets and many other similar rubber applications.
Waxes have the following applications in rubber industry:
It acts as antiozonants, by migrating on to the surface a thin protective layer is formed insuring protection against ozone attack and brittleness. Paraffin Wax gives rapid protection for newly produced goods but in case of microcrystalline Wax, It guarantees slow release and long lasting protection. The delicately formulated balance between paraffin waxes and microcrystalline waxes guarantees the control of migration insuring the quick acting and long lasting.
Wax is used as a carrier for protective chemicals.
Wax is used as mold release agent, anti-aging agent, plasticizer and lubricant in the rubber and tire industry [26].
Rubber on exposure to air or sun light produces cracks, and if any tensile stress is applied the cracks appears clearly. To avoid these cracks so far it has been known to use the antioxidants from amines and those from wax. Usually amines are subjected to a chemical reaction selectively with ozone and consumes the ozone in the surface layer of rubber to prevent the rubber from aging under statical or dynamical conditions, whereas wax incorporated in a rubber exudes to the surface to form a thin film, which prevents the rubber from contacting with ozone to produce an antioxidizing effect, particularly under statical conditions. Moreover, generally the above two kinds of agents are used together at the same time. The antioxidant wax for rubber relates to the latter, namely, the statical antioxidant [27].
Since old times various antioxidant wax for rubber have been availab...
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...pends upon the solubility/mobility or sorption/desorption characteristics of the specific wax under a given set of environmental conditions [28].
Following are the factors which influence migration include
Time
Temperature of storage after cure
Wax concentration
Wax composition
Amount and type of filler
Extender oil present.
These factors make it difficult to choose a wax which performs effectively over a broad temperature range. Paraffinic waxes usually protect better at low exposure temperatures, whereas microcrystalline waxes are more effective at elevated temperatures. In this case wax blends offer a wider temperature range of protection. An optimum migration temperature exists for each wax, and Dynamic thermal Analysis (DTA) can predict this optimum. Best ozone resistance is also attained at the temperature corresponding to optimum wax migration
Biological waxes are esters of long-chain (C14 to C36) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long-chain (C16 to C30) alcohols. Their melting points (60 to 100 _C) are generally higher than those of triacylglycerols.In plankton, the free-floating microorganism sat the bottom of the food chain for marine animals, and waxes are the chief storage form of metabolic fuel. Waxes also serve a diversity of other functions related to their water-repellent properties and their firm consistency. Certain skin glands of vertebrates secrete waxes to protect hair and skin and keep it pliable, lubricated, and waterproof. Birds, particularly waterfowl, secrete waxes from their preen glands to keep their feathers water-repellent. The shiny leaves of holly, rhododendrons, poison ivy, and many tropical plants are coated with a thick layer of waxes, which prevents excessive evaporation of water and protects against parasites. Biological waxes find a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and other industries. Lanolin (from lamb’s wool), beeswax carnauba wax (from a Brazilian palm tree), and wax extracted from spermaceti oil (from whales ;)
The MSDS, or material safety data sheet, for 2-butoxyethanol outlines basic health risks that accompany it, along with basic chemical and physical properties. One of the physical properties is the fact that it is a liquid at room temperature, which means it takes the shape of its container and its molecules are not definitively packed. Chemical properties include flammability, which is whether or not it ignites easily, and toxicity, whether or not it is poisonous to humans. 2-butoxyethanol is both flammable and toxic, meaning it does ignite easily and is poisonous to humans It says that 2-butoxyethanol has a health hazard number of two and fire hazard number of two. The health hazard number means that it can cause injury upon exposure and requires rapid medical treatment. The fire hazard number means that it can ignite w...
Rene Descartes starts off with a description of the wax so he can prove to us the changes that will happen throughout his experiment.
The tangible characteristics are no longer present, and the wax melts. The melting, replaces the honey flavor with nothing, the flower scent with no scent, the cold and hard become the hot and liquid, the wax becomes too hot to touch let alone make a noise when rapped upon, the color changes, the shape shifts, and the size increases. Thus, everything Descartes thought to note about the wax had changed or disappeared. In his original description, he relied only upon his sense to explain the wax. But after that has failed him, Descartes calls into doubt his senses and decides to define the wax without the use of his senses. The problem Descartes runs into with this line of thinking is he now is trusting his senses to discount what his sense told him a first time. Therefore, Descartes must neglect to use his senses for the new description of the wax. Leaving his only knowledge of the wax to be its condition to change, Descartes’ new description of the wax states “only that it is something extended, flexible, and mutable … rather, I perceive it through the mind alone” (67-68). Descartes limits his knowledge from qualitative descriptions and only uses quantitative measures from his
Our 100% all natural beeswax candle in Frosted Square Glass Candles burn longer and cleaner than all traditional wax glass candles. Our lovely candles are completely non-toxic, non-allergenic and non-carcinogenic. With its healthful negative ions and warm, halo glows they act like indoor air purifiers. Our candles have been proven to be beneficial for people who have allergies, environmental sensitivities or just too much stress in their life. 100% natural beeswax candles are the cleanest burning candles that you will ever burn. Rest easy knowing that this sophisticated candle is biodegradable and free of synthetics. Pure beeswax candles have many redeeming properties it is a pure, unadulterated fuel, has a
Now, because the wax’s essential properties are not to be found among its sensory characteristics, we discard them to see what is left. Descartes specifies that only ...
Service life The service life of the antioxidants is long but not that long. This is because if the additive starts to weaken due to the harmful polymer oxidation chemicals in the air then this could make the polymer properties to become brittle.
The contraction moulding method can be used to process an acrylic denture base. In this method, bite blocks are fabricated in the lab and sent to the clinic for patient trial. These are then received from the clinic and teeth are mounted onto the bite blocks. The wax is eliminated and teeth are pressurized and attached onto a gypsum mould. (McCabe and Walls. 2008.) Sodium alginate is applied onto the mould to act as a separator to prevent any monomer from the acrylic base seeping into the base and the mould. Acrylic PMMA is applied onto the mould and either heat-cured or auto-polymerized. Both of these curing methods form the...
Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most commonly used polymers which can be identified into two plastic identification codes: 2 for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and 4 for low density polyethylene (LDPE). Polyethylene is sometimes called polyethene or polythene and is produced by an addition polymerisation reaction. The chemical formula for polyethylene is –(CH2-CH2)n– for both HDPE and LDPE. The formation of the polyethylene chain is created with the monomer ethylene (CH2=CH2).
There is inadequate research/information on molds and how they are affected by acids. There is not sufficient information on the elimination or prevention of molds on household and grocery items. To test possible solutions, the growth of mold will be examined using different acids to help keep the mold at a low quantity. Two different substances, one with a high acidity and one with a low acidity, will be used along with water as our “mold repellants”. At the conclusion of each trial, each acid’s ability to prevent mold growth will be documented. Conducting this experiment will benefit the scientific world because it researches a problem that has not been thoroughly solved. Perhaps a way to prevent mold from growing can be developed with further study. This experiment will serve as a beginning to what could possibly become a great discovery. The results of this experiment will be beneficial to scientists and could possibly serve as a baseline concept for mold prevention and influence further experimentation.
Initially, rubber has existed for an extensive period of time. When viewing the “early history of rubber development, [there] is evidence that rubber existed even before Columbus’ time” (Robert, E.A. 1952, p. 77). One of the earlier uses of rubber was documented in a Mexican Tribe where the natives of Mexico and West Indies played games using elastic balls (Robert, E.A. 1952, p. 77). Many scientists attempted to establish “suitable solvents for rubber since its arrival in Europe as a raw material in the late 1700s, however none had been successful” (Backer, C. 1997, p.14). Furthermore, it is relevant to say that the rubber industry was primarily established in Europe by Charles Macintosh, who was an industrial chemist in 1818 (Backer, C. 1997, p.14). Later on, the rubber industry began to devel...
Candles have been used all the way back to 3000 B.C., when Egyptians used torches to see in the dark. The Romans would cover papyrus in beeswax or tallow to see in the church, when traveling and at their residence. In the Colonial times, women found out that they could make candles from bayberry bushes that produced wax. “In 1834, inventor Joseph Morgan helped further the modern day candle industry by developing a machine that allowed for continuous production of molded candles by using a cylinder with a movable piston to eject candles as they solidified” (National Candle Association). In the mid 1850’s, Paraffin wax, which is the main ingredient in most candles today, was invented. It was made with petroleum or oil. It was popular because
used to make products such as plastic lumber, toys, containers, carpet, fiber fill for jackets
Charles and Keith uses synthetic materials and polyurethane to ensure affordable prices of their products (Singapore Press Holding, 2009). However, the qualities of the products are not compromised despite its inexpensive prices. The managing director Charles Wong reassured the customers that although the ...