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Primary effects of volcanic eruption
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Volcanoes
Volcanoes are one of the most destructive yet fascinating geological land forms in
our natural environment. They consist of a fissure in the earth's crust above which a
cone of volcanic material has accumulated. The cone is formed by the deposition of
molten or solid matter that flows from the interior of the earth through an indented vent,
called a crater, which is found at the top of the cone. In this report I will discuss
different states of volcanic activity, different forms of volcanoes and their properties and
locations.
Some volcanoes are more active than others. Some are even in a state of constant
eruption an example of this is Izalco, located in El Salvador, it first erupted in 1770 and
has been in a state of eruption ever since. In a belt that circles the Pacific Ocean their are
many active and erupting volcanoes. For obvious reasons this area is referred to as the
Ring of Fire. The activity of the volcanoes varies , for example, Vesuvius will continue
in a state of moderate activity for long or short time periods and will then become
stagnant or in-active for months. If an eruption succeeds prolonged dormancy it will
usually be fairly violent, as was the eruption of Mount Saint Helens after 123 years of
stillness. The potential danger of an active volcano can be seriously threatening to
civilization for more reasons than just the initial eruption of molten rock, disasters, such
as mud flows, triggered by an eruption are also serious hazards.
Composite cones are formed from a combination of eruptions. First the volcano
will have an explosive eruption that ejects huge amounts of steam, gas, and ash. This is
followed by the ejection of lava. Most composite cones are built of layers of fragment
materials and flows of lava, all inclined outward away from the vent. Both Etna, in
Sicily, and Vesuvius, near Naples are examples of composite cones. The most common
type of volcanic cones are stratovolcanoes. A large stratovolcano will be built with many
layers of ash and lava. Mt. Saint Helens, Rainier, and Mt. Fuji are all examples of strata
volcanos.
Shield volcanoes are made of thousands of thin lava flows. Because the flow of
the lava is generally fast, it is able to travel far from the vent. The resulting volcanic land
form has a broad base and gentle slopes. Shield volcanoes are the largest volcanoes.
and Metamorphic rocks can be found. There are also a lot of crusted plates, and violent
On May 22, 1915, an explosive eruption at Lassen Peak devastated nearby areas and rained volcanic ash farther 200 miles to the east! This explosion was the most powerful in a series of eruptions from 1914 through 1917. ...
The danger began April 5 causing small earthquakes and pyroclastic flow but major damage. Pyroclastic flow is fragment of hot rocks, the left overs of other rocks. In that process there is hot gases trapped air inside that moves very fast. Which makes thich gray to black clouds, the temperature is 600 to 700 c (1,100 to 1,300 F). In the evening the day the tragedy happen before the eruption ever happened there was a tsunami of pyroclastic flow
In the movie, when the mayor tried to get water from the sink, the water was brown, so they went to check on the town’s water supply and found lots of sulfur in the water. Questions about eruption precursors: What kind of unusual activity might be noticed before an
a violent explosion. Hot lava, gases, and ashes escaped through the rupture in the earth’s surface. The lava
Miesse, Willian C. "Mount Shasta Geology and History." USGS: Volcano Hazards Program - Mount Shasta Geology and History. College of the Siskiyous Library, n.d. Web. 01 May 2014.
Basalt forms due to the partial melting of the layer of the mantle called the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is the plastic zone of the mantle beneath the rigid lithosphere. Mantle plumes coming from the mesosphere can cause the asthenosphere to melt with heat or even if pressure decreases, which is called decompression melting (Richard 2011). The magma that forms from this melting is mafic magma that solidifies once it reaches the earth’s surface and cools quickly. The above process mainly occurs mainly during intraplate igneous activity which is the main explanation for volcanic activity that occurs a long distance away from a plate boundary. If the tectonic plate above the mantle plume is moving it can create a string of volcanic activity such as in Hawaii. See Fig 2.
Like most of the other volcanoes in the Cascade Range, St. Helens is a great cone of rubble, consisting of lava rock interlayered with ash, pumice and other deposits. Volcanic cones of this internal structure are called composite cones or stratovolcanoes. Mount St. Helens includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted. The largest of the dacite domes formed the previous summit; another formed Goat Rocks dome on the northern flank. These were destroyed in St. Helens' 1980 eruption.
When Yellowstone does erupt, the United states could be covered in 3 feet of ash from the eruption. First, the pyroclastic flow would swallow most of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. Then, like Yellowstone eruptions have done before, the world would fall into a freezing, winter lasting around 10 years. Mass famine would take place all around the world as the eruption would have devastated the agriculture, effecting the food.
When the reservoir has formed, a substance is collected that will trap the volcanic gases. They form depressions in the ground and it is very hard to imagine the eruptions, explosions, car atrophic proportions that they cause. Super volcanoes produce vast amounts of ash and destruction. There are thousands of normal volcanoes around the world and at least 50 erupt every year. Vast clouds of ash are deafening sounds; it affects the climate on earth for many years and affects the agriculture colour.
As the crust cracks, blocks of rock rise or fall, forming fault-block mountains. Examples of these mountains are the Sierra Nevada in California and the Grand Tetons in Wyoming. Dome mountains are formed by the same kind of molten rock that forms volcanic mountains. As magma comes up in a crack in the Earth’s crust, it does not come to the surface, but the molten rock pushes the ground up into a dome. Examples include Yosemite’s Half Dome, the Adirondacks in New York, and the Black Hills in South Dakota.
Volcanoes can be one of the most destructive forces on Earth. It is estimated that some
From modern examples and records we know that volcanic activity can set of a chai...
Mount Vesuvius is a strato-volcano consisting of a volcanic cone (Gran Cono) that was built within a summit caldera (Mount Somma). The Somma-Vesuvius complex has formed over the last 25,000 years by means of a sequence of eruptions of variable explosiveness, ranging from the quiet lava outpourings that characterized much of the latest activity (for example from 1881 to 1899 and from 1926 to 1930) to the explosive Plinian eruptions, including the one that destroyed Pompeii and killed thousands of people in 79 A.D. At least seven Plinian eruptions have been identified in