Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection or inflammation of the bladder (cystitis), kidneys (pyelonephritis), or urethra (urethritis), leading to bacterial colonization of the urine. Infection of the urinary tract is a common problem, causing more than eight million office visits annually in the United States. UTI is the second most common infection that affects women. UTIs typically affect young, sexually active women. A lower UTI is an infection or inflammation of the bladder or urethra. Upper UTIs involve infections of the ureters and kidneys. Simple or uncomplicated UTIs are infections experienced by women with no significant history of UTIs and are characterized by new onset of mild to moderate symptoms. A complicated UTI …show more content…
Symptoms of acute uncomplicated UTIs are due to bladder irritation exhibiting signs of increased frequency, urgency, dysuria, and occasional hematuria. An uncomplicated UTI is a rare occurrence in the affected individual who is otherwise healthy. Usually, there are a small number of responsible pathogens vulnerable to first-line narrow-spectrum antimicrobial agents, and there are no urologic or gynecologic abnormalities. A complicated presentation including high fever, chills, flank pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, nausea, and vomiting is indicative of pyelonephritis or urosepsis (Buttaro et al., …show more content…
A clean-voided specimen reduces vaginal and labial contamination. It is advised that urine dipstick tests be used to guide treatment decisions in healthy women younger than 65 years whose UTI symptoms are mild, or presents with less than two symptoms (Shah & Goundrey-Smith, 2013). A urine dipstick provides rapid diagnostics by assessing the presence of leukocytes, nitrites, blood, protein, and/or bacteria. The presence of nitrites and leukocytes indicates bacteria in the urine, which causes urinary nitrates to breakdown into nitrites. A higher concentration of the leukocyte esterase enzyme will be present in the urine due to the increased presence of neutrophils with infection. In addition to the information obtained from the dipstick, microscopy can be used to detect hematuria, pyuria (white cells in the urine), or bacteriuria to confirm the type of bacteria and guide antibiotic selection in complicated UTI or pyelonephritis (kidney infection). A urine culture is needed for upper UTI, complicated UTI, unsuccessful treatment or reinfection of UTI (Buttaro et al.,
Symptoms for urethritis are mild including frequency of urination and pyuria (presence of white blob cells in the urine). Cystitis (bladder infection) symptoms are easier to distinguish and include back pain, concentrated appearance, urgency, hematuria (presence of red blood cells in the urine), a...
It is recommended that you seek medical attention as soon as you experience urinary tract infection symptoms. Treatment at urgent care will cost roughly $110, as opposed to $665 for a visit to the ER.
It was concluded that the two possible bacteria’s unknown 1 could be S. aureus or E. faecals. In order to find unknown 1 bacteria, a urease test will have to be performed, because a urease test is usually positive for some enteric bacteria’s (“Urease Test”, n.d). Therefore, S. aureus will hydrolyze urea making it positive and E. fecalis will not (“Microbiology 20 Biochemical Unknown, 2009). S. aureus is bacteria that is floral, meaning that is not harmful to people. However, “staph can cause infection on the bones, heart valves, and or bloodstream” (“Staphylococcus aureus in Healthcare Settings”, January 17, 2011). In the other hand, E. faecalis is a bacterium that can cause life threatening infection in humans. Usually in the gastrointestinal tracts, and the bacteria is “non-motile, Gram positive, Cocci bacterium” (“Enterococcus faecalis”, n.d). Similarly, to find my unknown bacteria 2, a gram stain was used to eliminate bacteria. Bacteria 2 was concluded to be Gram negative, because it was viewed pink under the microscope. Since my bacteria 2 is Gram negative, I eliminated all Gram-positive
2013). Inappropriate use of urinary catheter in patients as stated by the CDC includes patients with incontinence, obtaining urine for culture, or other diagnostic tests when the patient can voluntarily void, and prolonged use after surgery without proper indications. Strategies used focused on initiating restrictions on catheter placement. Development of protocols that restrict catheter placement can serve as a constant reminder for providers about the correct use of catheters and provide alternatives to indwelling catheter use (Meddings et al. 2013). Alternatives to indwelling catheter includes condom catheter, or intermittent straight catheterization. One of the protocols used in this study are urinary retention protocols. This protocol integrates the use of a portable bladder ultrasound to verify urinary retention prior to catheterization. In addition, it recommends using intermittent catheterization to solve temporary issues rather than using indwelling catheters. Indwelling catheters are usually in for a longer period. As a result of that, patients are more at risk of developing infections. Use of portable bladder ultrasound will help to prevent unnecessary use of indwelling catheters; therefore, preventing
Catheter Acquired Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs) has become to be classified as one among the leading infections which most individuals end up being susceptible to acquire while at the hospital. Healthcare-associated or acquired infections (HAIs) are a significant cause of illness, death, and more often than not, have resulted to cost the tax payers potentially high medical expenses in most health care settings. ("Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality," para. 1) Due to this, 1 out of every 20 patients will end up with CAUTI within the US hospitals and this has caused Agency for healthcare research and quality (AHRQ) to embark on nationwide plans to help in the eradication and control of CAUTI incidences. ("Agency
The scientific name of a kidney infection is known as pyelonephritis. There are two types of pyelonephritis infections, acute and chronic. Acute pyelonephritis is sudden and limited and can be cured/treated using antibiotics. However, if it is a chronic infection, it is long-lasting and occurs due to birth defects; it can lead to scarring in the kidneys, as well. Kidney infections can occur in both men and women. Although, according to Chih-Yen’s study of chronic infection, “Females (36.1%, 60/166) were more prone to have upper UTIs than males (11.8%, 13/110)” (Chih-Yeh, 2014; Chih-Yeh et al., 2014). In addition, age is not an important number due to the presence of Escherichia coli present in everyone’s body. It is dependent on time and health of an individual for the infection to present itself. Moreover, a study on children and adolescent transplantation concluded that, “UTI was uncommon in children after the first month of transplantation. Two significant risk factors for UTI were female gender and neurogenic bladder in this transplant population” (Fallahzadeh, 2011; Fallahzadeh et al., 2011). From the peer-reviewed papers, it is clear that females are more prone to UTI infection, overall, than
...urses are at the bedside 24 hours a day they can greatly impact patient outcomes and decrease the overall mortality rate of sepsis by using the evidence-based practices outlined in the Surviving Sepsis Campaign.
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of the urinary tract. The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. Urinary tract infections can have different names, depending on what part of the urinary tract is infected. The infection can include the bladder, kidneys, ureters, or the urethra. If the infection is in the bladder it is called “cystitis” or a bladder infection. If the infection is in the kidneys is it called “pyelonephritis” or a kidney infection? If the infection is in the urethra it is called “urethritis”. Most urinary tract infections are bladder infections. Infections in the ureters are very rare. Everyone is at risk of getting a UTI allowing bacteria to grow in the urine that stays
Chlamydial infection is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States today. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that more than 4 million new cases occur each year. The highest rates of chlamydial infection are in 15 to 19-year old adolescents regardless of demographics or location. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a serious complication of chlamydial infection, has emerged as a major cause of infertility among women of childbearing age. Chlamydial infection is caused by a bacterium, Chlamydial trachomatis, and can be transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact with an infected partner. A pregnant woman may pass the infection to her newborn during delivery, with subsequent neonatal eye infection or pneumonia. The annual cost of chlamydial infection is estimated to exceed $2 billion.
Bacteria are one cause of infectious disease. Bacteria are a single-cell microorganism that is very common in our bodies. Less than one percent of bacteria will actually make us sick. Some of the more common infections caused by bacteria include strep throat, salmonella, and e-coli. Strep throat is common in children and causes a painful sore throat. Strep is usually treated with antibiotic medication. Salmonella is spread on food that is contaminated by human or animal...
Handbook of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests with Nursing Implications (3rd edition). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.
The urinary system does more than you might think. The obvious functions of the urinary system are excretory and urine formation which transports storage urine and release, but it does quite a lot more. Since it is a regulator of how much water is in the blood it can impact blood pressure but it can also stimulate blood cell formation. Vitamin D is made from the interaction of sunlight and your skin but it is activated to perform its hormone function by the kidney cells. Your blood must stay within a very narrow range of pH for critical chemical reactions to occur, and to prevent damage to cells and tissues. The Urinary System is vital in keeping the pH in proper balance. Summarizing the previous we can conclude that the urinary system has 7 functions in total.
Bacteria can be found in healthy urine, so usually a doctor bases it off symptoms and the lab tests. For the people with reappearing UTIs, and for patients in the hospital, the urine may be seriously infected and civilized. The experiment is resolved by placing part of the urine in a test tube with a certain substance that makes the bacteria multiply, after this process is finished, they can be identified. Another test that can be taken is the sensitivity test, the test tests for sensitivity to different medicines and antibiotics to see which medication is best for treating the persons severe infection. If a person has recurrent UTIs, the doctor may order some extra exams to determine if the person’s urinary tract can get back to being
Cystitis is a common female problem. Its is estimated that 50% of adult women experience at least one episode of dysuria; half of these people have a bacterial UTI.
stains on sputum’s and body fluids, and have completed a few AFB cultures. Apart from