Urinalysis is a very important tool because it's used to check our overall health including pregnancy. It is also used during presurgical procedures, and hospital admissions to screen for many diseases or disorders such as diabetes, liver and kidney diseases. Urinalysis is done when individuals are suffering pain in lower back, abdominal pain, or painful urination, it can detect if blood is found in the urine. Urinalysis is also used as a monitoring tool for diseases of the kidney, and urinary tract infection. So urinalysis is an important tool for physicians in determining one's overall health, and to screen for certain diseases and disorders.
1. Suggest an explanation for blood in the urine.
Hematuria is when our kidney and other parts of our urinary tract allows blood cells to
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The concern is with her chemical test results. Darlene's nitrates, urobilinogen, hematuria, special gravity =, and bilirubin were all negative or in normal range. Darlene's ph level was high, and can be a result of either a urinary tract infection, fever or gout. She had a small amount of leukocytes, and causes no concern at this time but should be monitored, but had large amounts of keytones. Glucose, and proteins in her urine. This can be related to a number of things including liver cirrhosis plasmacytoma, cardiac insufficiency, glomerulonephritis, or pregnancy, due to her high amount of protein. Darlene's high amount of glucose could indicate renal glycosuria, diabetes mellitus, or excessive consumption of carbohydrates. Darlene's keytones is a concern because there were large amounts also found in her chemical test and can be caused by a number of issues including diabetic ketoacidosis, stress, fever, nausea and vomiting, or not enough food intake. Darlene’s keytone results tells us that she is using fats to produce energy instead of glucose. Further testing needs to be done to pinpoint the cause of these
A 46-year-old Hispanic man presented to the clinic for a routine physical and a review of his recent laboratory studies. His medical history was significant for high cholesterol. His daily medication regimen included a multivitamin, aspirin 81 mg, and simvastatin (Zocor) 40 mg for high cholesterol. His family history was remarkable for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in his mother, maternal grandmother, maternal aunt, and maternal uncle. Physical examination revealed a height of 69 inches, weight of 199 pounds, body mass index (BMI) of 29.4 kg/m2, waist circumference of 36 inches and blood pressure of 125/72 mm Hg. Initial laboratory results were: total cholesterol 195 mg/dL; triglycerides 136 mg/dL; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), 124 mg/dL; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), 44 mg/dL; and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 119 mg/dL. Complete blood count, renal function and liver function tests were all normal. Additional studies included an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of 157 mg/dL and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 5.9%. The patient’s physical exam was unremarkable with no abnormalities noted.
A 54 year old female was presented with complaints of lethargy, excessive thirst and diminished appetite. Given the fact that these symptoms are very broad and could be the underlying cause of various diseases, the physician decided to order a urinalysis by cystoscope; a comprehensive diagnostic chemistry panel; and a CBC with differential, to acquire a better understanding on his patient health status. The following abnormal results caught the physician’s attention:
The chemistry test shows the levels of electrolytes found in the blood: sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium. Imbalances in these electrolytes can cause complications, which especially in the case of potassium, can be deadly. Also shown by the chemistry test, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels can show how well the patient’s kidneys are functioning in filtering waste from the blood. Trauma and blood loss can affect how the kidney’s function not only in filtering waste, but also in acid-base balance, and balancing electrolyte levels. Another marker of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate, which measures the rate filtrate is created by the glomerulus of the kidney (Winkelman, 2016). This is controlled by the kidneys themselves, meaning changes in the function of the kidneys can lead to an altered filtration rate (Winkelman, 2016). Lactic acid is measured by the chemistry test also, and an increase in lactic acid can signify acidosis caused by the lactic acid being formed by cells that do not have adequate oxygen to process glucose for energy (Workman, 2016). This decrease in available oxygen could be caused by damage to or impairment of the lungs. Carbon-dioxide, which is also measured by the chemistry test, can show
She had a two week history of feeling generally unwell, complaining of tiredness and lethargy. She had no other significant symptoms. Her past history includes well controlled asthma and anxiety. She was a smoker of 20 cigarettes per day. She was taking amitriptyline, Symbicort (budesonide and formoterol inhaler). She had no significant family history of medical illness and had no clinical findings on examination. Blood tests showed corrected calcium of 4.22mmol/L (NR 2.20 -2.60) with suppressed paired PTH of 1.45pmol/L (NR1.60- 6.9). Her renal function was initially impaired, but normalized with rehydration. Her liver function tests, full blood count, vitamin D, myeloma screen and serum ACE levels were all within normal limits. Ultra sound scan (USS) of kidneys, USS of parathyroid and computerized tomography (CT) of thorax, abdomen and pelvis were all reported as normal with no cause found for her
The urinary tract consists of two kidneys, to ureters, urethra, and the urinary bladder. The urinary system works to remove waste from the body, maintain homeostasis of water, blood pressure, and regulate the body’s pH levels. The kidneys regulate several important internal conditions by excreting substances out into the body. After urine has been produced in the kidneys it is then transported to the urinary bladder via the ureters. The urinary bladder then holds the urine until the body is ready for excretion through the urethra.
Frequent urination results from the body trying to excrete the excess glucose and thirst follows as dehydration sets in. Hunger, fatigue, mental fogginess, irritability, and mood changes result from a deficiency in ATP as the body cannot produce enough purely through fat metabolism via ketones. Acetone breath quickly follows as the body starts to upregulate fat metabolism in an attempt to use ketones for ATP production. This metabolic pathway creates various ketones, but one ketone acetone, is toxic and is excreted via the lungs. It can be detected as a “fruity” odor in the breath. This upregulation of fat metabolism creates a crisis known as diabetic ketoacidosis which can lead to a coma or even death (Harvey, 2012). Another life threatening acute symptom which is not as common in type 1 as type 2 diabetes is hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketonic syndrome or HHNS which can result in serious consequences such as a coma or even death. It is caused by increasing blood sugar and dehydration without the presence of ketones (Harvey, 2012). It can be caused by severe infection, severe illness, and medications that reduce glucose tolerance and increase fluid loss (Harvey, 2012). The various acute symptoms of type 1 diabetes are just as deadly as the long term effects of poor blood sugar
J.P., a 58 year old female, presents to the Emergency Room on March 18th. She has a past medical history of cervical cancer, atheroembolism of the left lower extremity, fistula of the vagina, peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, glaucoma, GERD, depression, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and sickle cell anemia. She complains of right lower extremity pain accompanied by fatigue, a decreased appetite, increased work of breathing, burning urination, and decreased urine output for three days. Upon admission, a complete physical assessment was performed along with a blood and metabolic panel. The assessment revealed many positive and negative findings.
The urinary system helps regulate a woman’s pH balance. Although, the urinary system is beneficial it also can also be very open to infections, blockages and injuries. Inside the body, the kidney’s helps make the urine by filtering wastes from the body. The urinary system works with many parts throughout the body such as the lungs, the skins and the intestines (Urinary system 2017).
Without proper working kidneys, blood pressure can rise, body fluids accumulate and red blood cell count can decrease. Usually kidney problems occur from disease, conditions and disorders. Disease can come from damage to nephrons, which help filter the blood. Infections can travel from the bladder up to the kidneys. Kidney cancers, kidney stones, cysts and injury all can damage a kidney. Without properly working kidneys, our heart, lungs and brain, as well as other organs are put in danger. (Capicchiano 2013) Kidney dialysis is not always a permanent need; sometimes it is needed for a short time. Kidney dialysis can occur in many places, the hospital, a home or in a center. Often people return to work after dialysis, unless their job involves strenuous activity such as heavy lifting or digging. (Lewin, 2010)
The renal disease are common nowadays .The acute renal failure is a medical term means that the kidneys stopped from working and not able to clear toxins from body ,not able to maintained a stable electrolyte balance inside the body and not able to secret the extra fluid as urine outside the body. The renal replacement therapy (RRT) or dialysis has been discovered on 1913 by Able, Rowntree and Turner in London, UK.
Hemodialysis is a procedure that cleans and filters your blood. It rids your body of harmful wastes and extra salt and fluids. It also controls blood pressure and helps your body keep the proper balance of chemicals such as potassium, sodium, and chloride.
blocked has now shut down. This kidney, if left untreated for just a few days,
A urinary tract infection is a very common infection that can happen to anybody. A urinary tract infection usually occurs when bacteria enters the urethra and multiples in the urinary system. The Urinary tract includes the kidneys, the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureters), and the main tube that carries the urine from the bladder (urethra). Women, men, and children are all immune to this infection. Women have the highest chances of getting it. In the Urinary tract, the main links of the ureters help get rid of any bacteria that tries to enter the urine, and the bladder helps prevent urine from backing up into the kidneys.
Kidney Function Introduction and definition of terms: The kidneys are the main organs in the urinary system. They filter waste products out of blood from the renal artery. These are then excreted. Useful solutes are reabsorbed into the blood. They also have a major homeostatic role in the body, and help to control the water content (osmoregulation) and pH of the blood.
The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the body. The dual function of excretory systems is the elimination of the waste products of metabolism and to drain the body of used up and broken down components in a liquid and gaseous state. In humans and other amniotes most of these substances leave the body as urine and to some degree exhalation, mammals also expel them through sweating.