INTRODUCTION
Every living organism has a metabolism. Metabolism is the sum of the chemical reactions in one’s body, including both anabolic and catabolic processes (Pfleugal, 2014). These processes require energy that is obtained through the organism’s respiration. Because an organism’s respiration is linked to its energy consumption, researchers can observe changes in the metabolism of organisms by looking at their respiration rates. It is possible to measure respiration by looking at either the change in oxygen or carbon dioxide concentration in a closed environment.
There are two categories of organisms: poikilotherms and homeotherms. Poikilotherms’ internal temperature varies constantly because they are reliant on the external environment, while homeotherms’ internal temperature is maintained relatively constant regardless of the external environment (Pfleugal, 2014). Because fish are poikilotherms, it is easy for researchers to observe changes in their metabolism due to changes in the external environment. One aspect in the external environment of fish that can be manipulated is the amount of caffeine in the water. This experiment will examine changes in oxygen concentration inside a chamber as a method of comparing goldfishes’ respiration and metabolic rates in two different fish water environments: regular (control) and caffeinated. Because caffeine stimulates the respiratory center resulting in an increase in the oxygen consumption, it is predicted that goldfish will have a higher oxygen consumption and metabolic rate when exposed to caffeine (Brinley, 2014). Thus, our hypothesis states there will be a statistically significant change in oxygen consumption between the two environments, and our null hypothesis states tha...
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...st four different people handled fish that were used to collect data. Each person handled the fish a little bit differently, which could cause variations of anxiety and fear in the fish. A lab worker, like myself, who has worked with fish for almost ten years, would likely cause less anxiety during transfer, when compared to someone who has never used a fish net before. Fish that were handled roughly could have quickened their heart rate and metabolism out of fear and anxiety, and thus would have consumed a disproportionately large amount of oxygen, which could skew results. To eliminate this potential source of error, we’d need to have a single person do the fish handling for all four groups.
Overall, the data suggests that there is no significant difference between the metabolic rates of fish in regular fish water, when compared to fish exposed to caffeine water.
First, 100 mL of regular deionized water was measured using a 100 mL graduated cylinder. This water was then poured into the styrofoam cup that will be used to gather the hot water later. The water level was then marked using a pen on the inside of the cup. The water was then dumped out, and the cup was dried. Next, 100 mL of regular deionized water was measured using a 100 mL graduated cylinder, and the fish tank thermometer was placed in the water. Once the temperature was stabilizing in the graduated cylinder, the marked styrofoam cup was filled to the mark with hot water. Quickly, the temperature of the regular water was recorded immediately before it was poured into the styrofoam cup. The regular/hot water was mixed for a couple seconds, and the fish tank thermometer was then submerged into the water. After approximately 30 seconds, the temperature of the mixture leveled out, and was recorded. This was repeated three
The respiratory system is responsible in regulating gas exchange between the body and the external environment. Differences in respiration rate indirectly influence basal metabolic rate (BMR) by providing the necessary components for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation (Williams et al., 2011). Observation of gas exchange were measured and recorded for two mice (mus musculus) weighing 25 g and 27 g under the conditions of room temperature, cold temperature (8°C), and room temperature after fasting using a volumeter. The rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured and used to calculate BMR, respiratory quotient (RQ) and oxidation rate. The mouse at room temperature was calculated to have a BMR of 2361.6 mm3/g/hr. Under conditions of cold temperature and fasting, the BMR values decreased to 2246.4 mm3/g/hr and 2053.2 mm3/g/hr respectively. Rates of glucose oxidation increased under these treatments while rates of fat oxidation decreased. Respiratory quotient (RQ) values were calculated to determine the fuel source for metabolic activity. On a relative scale, protein or fat appeared to be the primary fuel source for all three treatments although the mouse at 8°C had the highest RQ and may have relatively used the most glucose. It was also concluded that BMR in mice are greater than in humans.
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of varying concentration of alcohol, caffeine and nicotine on the heart rate of a daphnia magna and confirm any similarities between the affect of the chemical compound on the heart rate of daphnia magna and human beings.
The procedures for this experiment are those that are referred to in Duncan and Townsend, 1996 p9-7. In our experiment however, each student group chose a temperature of either 5 C, 10 C, 15 C, or 20 C. Each group selected a crayfish, and placed it in an erlenmeyer flask filled with distilled water. The flask’s O2 levels had already been measured. the flask was then placed in a water bath of the selected temperature for thirty minutes, and then the O2 levels were measured again. Each group shared their findings with the class. The metabolic rates of the mouse were conducted by the instructor and distributed. We also did not use the Winkler method to measure the O2 levels. We used a measuring device instead.
Mader, S. S. (2010). Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes. In K. G. Lyle-Ippolito, & A. T. Storfer (Ed.), Inquiry into life (13th ed., pp. 105-107). Princeton, N.J: McGraw Hill.
With over nine hundred and seventy one tons, the United States is the country with the highest amount of caffeine consumption in the world. This chemical compound is known to have many affects on our bodies, primarily in our hearts. Caffeine has been shown to increase blood pressure and heart rate. However, as far as scientists know, the affects of caffeine may affect invertebrates differently than it affects vertebrates. The present experiment studied blackworms - Lumbriculus variegatus in the phylum Annelida- in solutions with different amounts of caffeine to see if it affected their pulse under a compound microscope. Worms do not have hearts; they have aortic arches that contract to push the blood into the dorsal and ventral
The Effects of Concentration of Sugar on the Respiration Rate of Yeast Investigating the effect of concentration of sugar on the respiration rate of yeast We did an investigation to find how different concentrations of sugar effect the respiration rate of yeast and which type of concentration works best. Respiration is not breathing in and out; it is the breakdown of glucose to make energy using oxygen. Every living cell in every living organism uses respiration to make energy all the time. Plants respire (as well as photosynthesise) to release energy for growth, active uptake, etc…. They can also respire anaerobically (without oxygen) to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.
For this experiment, it is important to be familiar with the diving reflex. The diving reflex is found in all mammals and is mainly focused with the preservation of oxygen. The diving reflex refers to an animal surviving underwater without oxygen. They survive longer underwater than on dry land. In order for animals to remain under water for a longer period of time, they use their stored oxygen, decrease oxygen consumption, use anaerobic metabolism, as well as aquatic respiration (Usenko 2017). As stated by Michael Panneton, the size of oxygen stores in animals will also limit aerobic dive capacity (Panneton 2013). The temperature of the water also plays a role. The colder the water is, the larger the diving reflex of oxygen.
If cells are denied energy, they will die. The second law of thermal dynamics says energy is lost in the form of heat whenever energy changes form. ATP is stored in the c. Glucose produced by C02, water and ATP. Respiration may be said to be a controlled breakdown of glucose that produces ATP for cell activities to be carried out. The purpose of the lab was to show the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration.
Our metabolism, “the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions”, manages energy usage and production of cells. We use energy constantly and our metabolism breaks down food through complex chemical reactions into energy our cells
The purpose of this lab was to study the response of the genus Daphnia to chemical stimuli and to examine human responses to different stimuli. A stimulus is an incentive; it is the cause of a physical response. Stimuli can have a physical or chemical change; an example of a physical change is a change in temperature and sound. An example of chemical change would be changes in hormone levels and pH levels. Muscular activity or glandular secretions are responses that occurs when stimulus information effects the nervous and/or hormone system. Daphnia is a genus; it is a small crustacean that lives in fresh water. The body of the daphnia is visible and its internal organs are clearly seen thus it was chosen for this exercise. The
Sensory systems are essential to a mammal’s survival and for providing important information concerning their internal and external environment (Hill et al., 2011). Sensory systems depend on specialized sensory receptor cells that respond to stimuli, either from the mammals’ internal or external environment (2011). One form of sensory is electroreception, which is the detection of electrical currents or fields in aquatic mammals and mechanoreceptors are specialized to respond to different types of mechanical stimuli, such as touch, taste, smell, etc. (2011). The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) exhibits electroreception with the help of mechanoreceptors to detect prey item while submerged in water.
According to our text, Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology, 2010, pg. 78. 94. Cellular respiration is stated as “The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis”.
Humans have been performing aquaculture since Egyptian times. Aquaculture, by definition, is the process of growing aquatic organisms for consumption by human populations. Traditionally, aquaculture has been carried out in flow through systems, or pens in open water. These methods greatly increase the biogeochemical loading, as the fish excrete ammonia (~90%) and urea (~10%) (Timmons and Ebeling, 2013). The biogeochemical nitrogen cycle is driven by microorganisms, that perform nitrification, anaerobic ammonia oxidation. Nitrification leads to the production of nitrite and nitrate from the oxidation of ammonia. Ammonia and nitrite are inherently toxic to fish; however, the sensitivity to these nitrogenous compounds varies by species. It was suggested that in Cyprinus carpio, or common catfish, ammonia is regulated at the gill interface by Na+/K+-ATPase. With nitrite, fish are most sensitive in the early stages of growth; this is most often observed as poor gill structure and inflammation of muscle tissue (Kroupova et al., 2010). In a separate review, Dolomatov, et al., 2011, concluded that the most critical times for nitrite regulation are during the incubation of eggs; larvae rearing; and wintering fish.
This lab attempted to find the rate at which Carbon dioxide is produced when five different test solutions: glycine, sucrose, galactose, water, and glucose were separately mixed with a yeast solution to produce fermentation, a process cells undergo. Fermentation is a major way by which a living cell can obtain energy. By measuring the carbon dioxide released by the test solutions, it could be determined which food source allows a living cell to obtain energy. The focus of the research was to determine which test solution would release the Carbon Dioxide by-product the quickest, by the addition of the yeast solution. The best results came from galactose, which produced .170 ml/minute of carbon dioxide. Followed by glucose, this produced .014 ml/minute; finally, sucrose which produced .012ml/minute of Carbon Dioxide. The test solutions water and glycine did not release Carbon Dioxide because they were not a food source for yeast. The results suggest that sugars are very good energy sources for a cell where amino acid, Glycine, is not.