Instrumentation Test #3 Take-Home Essay Questions Question #1: The time is takes for a process variable to arrive at the set point is called transfer lag. Draw and Explain in detail with an example of a process taken into an account for a small capacity process, a moderate capacity, and a large capacity. As explained above, a Transfer Lag is the time is takes for a process variable to arrive at the set point. This lag is caused by many variables such as capacitance, mass, and dead time in the control system. I will outline an example using three different capacities, but with static process, and flow rate. The point of this example is to showcase the difference in transfer lag between capacities of small, moderate and large containers. The small capacity will be a 500mL can of soup (Fig. 1.1), the moderate capacity will be a 50L kid’s pool (Fig 1.2), and the large process will be an Olympic-sized pool, set at 2.5 million Liters (Fig 1.3). The process in question is simply water, flowing out from a tap at approximately 12L/min. Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2 Fig. 1.3 As you can see, we have each capacity at a 30% Set Point. The flow is the same for each at 12L/min, and the process is water for each. The Transfer Lag comes in when we want to increase our Set Point from 30% to 50%. In the can, this change will not be as instant as turning ON an incandescent bulb, it will take some time before it reaches this point, and thus Transfer Lag is apparent. Now, we use different capacities to showcase the positive correlation between capacity and transfer lag, if flow and process are kept static. Example, as we increase the capacity from a 500mL can to a 50L kiddy pool, our transfer lag will increase linearly with it (Fig 2.1). Figure 2... ... middle of paper ... ...tart to be less than ON or OFF (0 or 100%), but our measured water level change will have an 0-100% range. In sum, we can see that if you would like to have the controller output to have a smaller range, the proportional band would need to be more than 100%, anything less would render a 0-100%, or ON-OFF range. If the proportional band is set too narrow, the final control element will often act as an On-Off controller, rather than the throttling type of controller, if it is set too high, the controller will not respond to small disturbances in the process variable, and the process will not be controlled at setpoint. Proportional plus integral (reset) control. The integral is a time averaging process of the offset compared with the set point. Draw and explain in detail with an example where this would be used and the advantages of having this in the process system.
Are these water loss values (in 7c) of any use in predicting how much water Darlene might have lost per day? Justify your answer.
help give a better idea of how the rate of osmosis is affected by the
End to end delay = transmission delay of all the 3 links + propagation delays of all the 3 links + switch process delay
The flux of pure water is normally very high reaching to about 500l/m2.h. But when adding a membrane, this flux drops dramatically 10 times lower reaching to values of 50l/m2.h. the formation of a gel that adds u solutes is the main reason behind this drop. This layer of gel adds resistance by forming a barrier to the flow. As illustrated in figure 2.3 (Baker, 2012).
how the water is distributed to the consumer. There are different expectations on how the water
Accurately record the volume of water in each of the REACTANTS and PRODUCTS cylinders on the “transfer #1” space in the data table that follows.*Note that in the first transfer some reactants
the gain or loss of water when samples of the tissue are placed in a
Fluid consists of 8 million liters of water, 200 liters of chemicals and several thousand tons of sand.
Transference is when a client unconsciously projects onto their therapists past feelings, desires, expectation or attitudes they had toward their caregivers or significant people in their lives (Corey & et. al, 2011). Transference can originate from early childhood experiences and memories. The client is viewing the therapist in a distorted way. Instead of seeing the therapist as a professional, the clients see the therapist as a parent, or another significant person in their lives. Clients can come off as hostile and anger towards the therapist in a therapeutic session when a client displays negative transference (Corey & et. al, 2011). Transference can help the therapist understand the relationships that clients have had
The calculus topic I would like to discuss comes from unit two, derivatives. Derivatives are enjoyable because in most cases, they are simple to solve. Also, derivatives make other classes involving calculus and derivatives easier to understand. Within this paper, I will be elaborating on differentiation, the derivative, rate of change, the rules and purpose of derivatives and how to understand them.
In industry, the performance specifications for a particular pump may be known, but the tests are usually based on water as the pumping medium. For liquids of significantly higher viscosity than water, these performance curves may only be accurate at certain flow rates, or they might not be valid at all, and it might be necessary to recalibrate the specifications for higher viscosity liquids.
(b) An indication of the uncertainties relating to the amount or timing of any outflow.
Impoundment is the most common type of hydroelectric power plant. In an impoundment facility, a large hydropower system uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir. When water is released from this reservoir it flows through a turbine, spinning it, and then activating a generator which conver...
Titration is a technological process in which a solution, known as a titrant, is slowly and carefully added from a burrette into a fixed volume of another solution (known as the sample). In an acid-base titration an acid neutralizes a base or vice versa. This process is maintained untill the reaction between the titrant and the sample (acid and the base) is judged to be complete. The reaction is judged to be complete when the endpoint is reached. An endpoint in a titration analysis is referred to as the point at which no more titrant is added due to an observable colour change of an indicator. Indicators can be used to find an endpoint because they change colour when the pH of a solution changes and an endpoint in a titration is an empirical approximation of the equivalence point, which is the point of major pH change in the titration sample due to the fact that equal chemical amounts of reactants have been combined at that point. All indicators have a pH range, which is the range of pH values at which the colour of the indicator changes. Thus
Sensitivity of the system is the minimum changes in input parameters that effects the output parameter is called sensitivity .