In this situation where every participant engages in a test of visual memory, the independent variable is the different levels of distraction and the scores on the test is the dependent variable. To make sure that each participant has an opportunity to be placed in any groups, the groups must be randomly assigned. It also helps to ensure if there are any differences within the groups that they are not systematic prior to the start of the experiment (Cozby & Bates, 2015)
2. Define theory and explain its function. How does theory relate to the practice of psychology? A theory is made up of “a systematic body of ideas about a particular topic or phenomenon” (Cozby & Bates, 2015). It is used to give us a better understanding of human emotions,
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Beneficence is “do no harm” and strives to reduce participant risks and increase benefits. Respect for persons is to treat people with autonomous who can make their own intentional decisions. The final principle Justice, shares a fairness in receipt of the research benefits while also burdening the risks to participants. The three principles are used to clarify challenges in research and give guidelines in behavioral and medical investigations. When obtaining consent from a minor, the form must be signed by a parent or guardian on their behalf. However, added concerns arise if a child refuses to ‘assent’ after parents have given consent to participate in a study (Cozby & Bates, 2015).
5. What is the function of an institutional review
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Cozby & Bates (2015) found that “Reliability is stability or consistency of a measure of behavior.” (p. 101). In measurement of behavior, there are three types of reliability; Test-Retest, Internal Consistency, and Interrater. Test-Retest reliability measures the same individual at two separate points in time. Internal Consistency reliability measures the same individual at only one point in time, and Interrater reliability measures an individual once. If the observation is done by one rater and considered unreliable, two raters are required to observe the behaviors which are
IRBs review all aspects of the researchers' project: the study design, the recruitment process, the participant population, the informed consent document and process, the risk/benefit ratio, privacy and confidentiality, data storage and protection, and safeguards for vulnerable participants (University of St. Francis, n.d.). In this way, participants' rights are protected because the effort is made even before the research begins. The review process ensures that participants are chosen fairly and adequately and the information collected during research is safeguarded through collection, use, and storage. Research using human participants is such an important part of medicine that it is imperative it is performed in a way that its intrigue is not compromised. The Institutional Review Board Process Applying for exempt research study approval from the IRB at the University of St. Francis involves submitting a copy of the work, an application, and a statement explaining why the researcher believes the study would be exempt from expedited or full-level IRB review approval.
In science, a theory will refer to an explanation of an important feature of the world supported by testing and facts that have been gathered over time. It’s there scientific theories that allow scientists to make predictions about untested and unobserved concurrences in the world. The American Association for the Advancement of Science has this explanation of what a theory means to those in the science field, and it is as follows, “A scientific theory is a well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts......Such fact supported theories are not guesses but reliable accounts of the real
First of all, through this assignment, I have learned that a theory is an interrelated set of concepts and propositions, organized into deductive systems that explain relationships among different aspects. It is an overall explanation of the person in environment configuration, and helps explain why a problem is occurring. It will also provide a social worker with a set of ideas that will help the social worker get a better understanding of the problem. In addition, there are many different theories, and perspectives that are used in the social work field to empower people and to promote a positive society for all. This particular case is associated with bio-psychosocial approach
Theory: A general statement about some parts of the world that fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related
There are many definitions to theory. According to Akers (2009) “theories are tentative answers to the commonly asked questions about events and behavior” (Akers, (2009, p. 1). Theory is a set of interconnect statements that explain how two or more things are related in two casual fashions, based upon a confirmed hypotheses and established multiple times by disconnected groups of researchers.
To sum things up, the ethical demeanor of research involves respect for the safety and rights of subjects during the sequence of the trial. This includes protecting privacy and confidentiality, monitoring the condition of research subjects to assure their safety, terminating study participation in the case of hostile events, and notifying enrolled subjects about new risks, benefits, or other information that may bear upon subjects’ decisions to continue enrollment in the research. As new evidence shows itself, trial investigators and data safety monitoring boards (DSMBs) can alter the study plan, initiate notice of enrolled subjects, make changes to the informed consent policies, or stop the trials earlier than intended. Investigators should soon classify a technique for ensuring effective communication between the IRB and DSMB throughout these studies.
Watson defines theory as “an imaginative grouping of knowledge, ideas, and experience that are represented symbolically and seek to illuminate a given phenomenon” (Alligood, 2014
The above mentioned six ethical principles have been synthesised into 4 rights of subjects considering participation in research. These are
..., beneficence, non-maleficence and justice help us understand and explain which medical practices are ethical and adequate. These principles are used to protect the rights of a patient and the physician from being dishonored. The principle autonomy allow an individual to act freely in accordance to their self-chosen plan. This means that healthcare providers must always get the patients consent before making any decision about patient’s life. The of non-maleficence states one must cause no harm to an individual. This means that we must always restrain from harming others. The principle of beneficences say that one must always promote good. This means that healthcare providers must always do what is good for the patient. Lastly the principle of justice promote fairness and equally. This mean that healthcare providers cannot act in a prejudice manner toward patients.
There are many definitions to theory. According to Akers, “theories are tentative answers to the commonly asked questions about events and behavior.” Theory is a set of interconnected statements that explain how two or more things are related, based upon a confirmed hypotheses and established multiple times by disconnected groups of researchers.
Informed consent is a very serious decision a patient has to make when it comes to their health and consenting to procedures that are believed to cure or treat their current health status. It is important to address the effectiveness of the role a physician play in the informed consent process assuring that the patient has given truly informed consent and what safeguards can be put in place to assure the patient is exercising informed consent. Informed consent is based on the fact that the person consenting is a rational individual that is aware of the action to which he/she is consenting. Allen and McNamara (2011) notes that "On the standard understanding, the important elements of informed consent are the provision of information, the voluntariness of the choice and the competence of the chooser to make the choice— so the potential research participant should be provided with information relevant to the decision to participate, they should be able to choose freely about their participation and they should be competent to decide.
12.) Theory - is a system of ideas to explain how a certain situation or event might have came about.
A theory is a system of ideas intended to explain something especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained. In this paper I will be discussing one particular theory. The theory of Values and Attitudes. Rokeach was known for his work on attitudes. He believed we should change or question our values at some point in life.
To understand or create a theory, one must first have scientific support. The best way to comprise such support is research. Counseling theories give an extensive basis of data from research which has relevant correlation to active psychotherapists and counseling practitioners.
The word theory emanated from the Greek word meaning “contemplate” It has been viewed by scholars in different ways. Theory can be defined literally as an explanation of phenomena and its associations with variables that it is attempting to predict. There are no general agreed definitions of theory because scholar’s views of what constitute theory differ based on the purpose, nature and what make up of a good theory (Gelso, 2006; Harlow, 2009; Stam, 2007, 2010; and Wacker 1998). For instance, Wacker, (1998), pointed out that a theory must have four basic criteria such as conceptual definitions, domain limitations, relationship-building, and predictions. He, also, opined that for any theory to be regarded as a good theory, it must have qualities for `good ' theory, such as “uniqueness, parsimony, conservation, generalizability, fecundity, internal consistency, empirical riskiness, and abstraction, which apply to all research methods” (p.364). Stam (2010) interpreted theory as ...