This section will provide the theoretical framework to examine remittance effects. First, conceptual definition of remittance, second section will examine theories of remittance; third section will discuss the determinants of remittances, both at a microeconomic and macroeconomic level and in section four remittances and economic growth: empirical evidence for economic growth will be discussed.
2.1. Conceptual definition
Remittance has now become a commonly used term, however rarely defined; its concept has been linked with the concept of migration. When we see the definition it’s linked to its motives, effects, uses, kind of transfer and the channel of funds transfer. According to Ratha (2003) remittance are defined as migrants’ capital transfers, which are assets that a migrant brings into or takes out of the country. Remittances are also stated as a
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Macroeconomic determinant of Remittance
The other side of factors that determine the motives to remit is the macroeconomic determinants of remittance. Most empirical macroeconomic papers focus on the number of migrant workers, wage rates, the economic situation in the host and home country, inflation, consumption, exchange rate movements, the relative interest rate between the sending and receiving country, and government policies and political stability in the receiving country as determinants of remittance flows (El-Sakka and McNabb 1999, Buch & Kuckulenz 2004, Mouhoud et al. 2008, Tansel and Yasar 2010). ……….
Migrants would decide how much to send home depending on both their own income and the income of their family at home. Therefore the volume of remittances would depend on wages in the host economy, income in the home economy, and the total number of migrants (Singh et al., 2009). Freund and Spatafora (2005) also state that the stock of migrant workers in a host country is seen to be an obvious determinant of remittances: the greater the volume of workers, the greater the volume of
In the article, Grow, et al was convinced that illegal immigration had always been the one had the most negatives comments over the last two decades. However, Grow, et al argue that unlawful settlers transpire a component of American’s economic cycle consequently of its society role. On one hand, the authors argue that illegal refugees had a major impact on the economic on the economy through its population and maintenance over the flow of the finical systems. Points are made, illegal refugees had become a market that is too larger to ignore. According to the authors, illegal refugees who are despaired to seek out for an enhanced living, will the contribute profits that are irresistible. Not only that, illegal refugees also help to paying tax for public serves. Furthermore, illegal refugees also assist lower the criminal rate. Finally. Grow, et al provide that illegal refugees dose not harm economy, but a great help to fix it.
It involved the analysis of data from 90,000 individual surveys conducted by the Mexican Migration Project to establish the presence of social effects, and the analysis of qualitative data from 120 in-depth interviews with migrants and their family members in Mexico to reveal the underlying mechanisms. Firstly, it confirmed the hypothesis that “having prior migrants in the household or community increases individuals’ likelihood of migrating net of economic and political context effects” (2013:19). Secondly, through its qualitative research, it found that tough immigration policies among other things, reduce communication channels between migrants in the United States and their families in Mexico. The flow on impact of this is a break down in the feedback loop on what is often, a hard life as a migrant in the United States. Within the context of increased restrictions on border crossings, Garip and Asad (2013) argue that restricting these communication channels simply acts to perpetuate the myth of a glamorous life in the United
The phenomena of Migrant Workers would not be possible if the migrants were able to get jobs elsewhere, but as many come from Third-World Countries with little economic possibilities, this is not possible. What has resulted is an inexhaustible supply of cheap labor to the United States. This willingness on the part of the workers to work for wages otherwise unacceptable in the United States is problematic. Employers in this position are not under any pressure to reveal truthful, or even any information about wage rates, and many workers do not ask how much they will be paid. As a result, workers often do not know how much they will paid until they are thousands of miles away from their homes, and frequently not until they are paid at the end of a week. This is the story for the Mexican blueberry pickers in Maine, and the growing number of apple pickers who are Jamaican.
This essay will discuss the issue of migration. Migration is movement by humans from one place to another. There are two types of migration, it is immigration and emigration. Immigration is movement by people into the country and emigration is movement by humans, who want to leave countries voluntary or involuntary. Economic, religious, education, social and economic problems are reasons for migration.
Immigration can be defined as passing foreigners to a country and making it their permanent residence. Reasons ranging from politics, economy, natural disasters, wish to change ones surroundings and poverty are in the list of the major causes of immigration in both history and today. In untied states, immigration comes with complexities in its demographic nature. A lot of cultural and population growth changes have been witnessed as a result of immigration. In the following paper, I will focus on how immigration helps United States as compared to the mostly held view that it hurts America.
Gozdziak, E.M. and E, C. 2005. A Review Of Literature. International Migration. [online] Available at: EBSCOhost [Accessed: 20 Nov 2013].
Nadadur, Ramanujan. “Illegal Immigration: A Positive Economic Contribution To The United Sates.” Journal Of Ethnic & Migration Studies 35.6 20090€: 1037-1052. Education Source. Web. 18 Apr. 2014.
Willcox, Walter Francis, and Imre Ferenczi. International Migrations. New York: Nat. Bureau of Economic Research, 1929. Print.
This essay will define and explain the term migration and then discuss and examine emigration and circulation as well as arrivals. Further its going present some qualitative and quantitative evidence from the book “Understanding Social Lives” and the online module strands to support the claim.
Nadadur, Ramanujan. “Illegal Immigration: A Positive Economic Contribution to the United States.” Journal of Ethnic & Migration Studies 35.6 (July 2009): 1037-1052. Academic Search Complete. Web. 25 March 2011.
For Mexicans, the general reason to migrate is for pure economy reasons. For Cubans and Guatemalans, the main reason is to escape from persecution at home and seek refugee status in the United States. For Indigenous communities, it is generally a combination of the two. But often or not, the poor and unlivable conditions in the home country are just too much to bear. They are often so horrible that not only are men and women willing to face and in some cases, die to reach the United States but, as dramatized in “Victoria para Chino”, so too do the children of migrant parents. Upon crossing the border, many migrants discover that the much-hyped notion that the US is a land of opportunity or plentiful work is not true. Migrants, unlike citizens, have far fewer choices to employment options such as agriculture and service jobs. Generally, these jobs provide low pay and are some of the most economically vulnerable during economic downturns. If a migrant cannot find stable work, he is often forced onto the streets as a jornalero. A jornalero is basically a day laborer that seeks work on street corners. However, this method of work is notorious for its unreliability for work and money that it is often joked that there is only “¡Tres trabajos para toda la pinche ciudad!” (Ordenez pg.44). While
...at ‘pull-factors’ entice the vulnerable and ‘push-factors’, like lack of employment opportunity, propel them across borders. But which of these factors is the most important?
Migration have tendency to grow, so the numbers of migrants keep increasing whit every year. Almost a half of the migrants are women. Migrations can be examined from to aspects- it promotes people developments and it can also disturb developments. Migrations for some people are only chance to fulfill their dreams and escape their lives, but for others migration can make their lives more miserable than they were before. Gender talking about migration is essential element, because it shows why people migrate and what their destinations are. The main areas from which people migrate are Africa, China, Philippines, and India. Migration can be external or internal. Everything that is around us- actions and other people that make society where we live in, can impact decision of people to migrate to other places.
Jennifer Unger & C. Anderson Johnson, “Explaining Exercise Behavior and Satisfaction with Social Exchange Theory,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 81 (1995): 603-608.
Secondly, remittances which from immigrant workers also bring significant benefits to many countries. The UN report said the total amount of money that immigrant workers worldwide sent back to their country in 2011 was more than $ 300 billion (increased several times compared with $ 102 million in 1995). This source of...