CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical Literature Review 2.1.1 Concept definition
Poverty: classical economists define of poverty as, the inability to attain a minimal standard of living measured in terms of basic consumption needs or the income required for satisfying these needs (World Bank 1990). Poverty is in this case characterised by the lack of individuals, households or whole societies to command adequate properties to satisfy their basic necessity. Consumption-based poverty lines are basically concerned with physical measures household well-being. The lack of minimal standards of consumption to attain basic physiological criteria is always termed absolute poverty or deprivation. It is mainly directly
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It is also characterised by absence of participation in community decision making and in civil, social, economical and cultural life. It may occurs in all countries: as mass poverty in majority developing countries, pockets of poverty amid wealth in advanced countries, loss of livelihoods as a result from economic recession, sudden poverty as a result from disaster and conflict, the poverty of low-wage market workers, and the utter destitution of people who fall outside family assistance systems, social institutions and safety nets (WB, 2000).
Relative poverty: refers to standard that is defined in terms of the community in which an individual live and that therefore vary between countries and over time (WB,2000).
Road access: means a road located on land not owned by a municipality and not dedicated and accepted as, or otherwise deemed at law to be, a public highway, that serves as a motor vehicle access route to one or more parcels of land; (“chemin d’accès”) .Access to road measured through two ways: how much the time take to reach tarred road and how many km travel to reach the tarred road with usual means of transportation
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It is simplest and commonly used because it is simple to understand and measure. But it does not show how poor the poor are (All JH, 2005).
P0=Np/N where P0 is proportion of house hold that counted as poor, Np is number of poor house hold and N is sample size.
The second measure is poverty gap index (P1) it measures the extent to which household fall under the poverty line (the poverty gaps) as a proportion of the poverty line. The addition of these poverty gaps gives the lowest cost of eradicating poverty, if transfers were perfectly targeted. But this measure does not show changes in inequality among the poor household. The third measurement is squared poverty gap (“poverty severity”) index (P2) it is averages the squares of the poverty gaps relative to the poverty line (All JH, 2005).
Other measures of poverty are the time taken to out it is measures the average would take for a poor person to get out of poverty, given an assumption about the economic growth rate; it may be obtained as the Watts Index divided by the growth rate of income (or expenditure) of the poor( All JH,2005) 2.1.3 Road Development in
Absolute poverty refers to when a person does not have the minimum amount of income needed to meet the minimum requirements for one or more basic living needs over an extended period of time. This includes things like, Food, Safe drinking water, Sanitation facilities Health, Shelter and Education. It can also be measure by those living on less than $1.25 a day.
Although poverty has minimized, it is still significant poverty which is characterized by a numerous amount of things. There are two types of poverty case and insular. “Case poverty is the farm family with the junk-filled yard and the dirty children playing in the bare dirt” (Galbraith 236)Case poverty is not irretraceable and usually caused if someone in the household experiences “ mental deficiency, bad health, inability to adapt to the discipline of industrial life, uncontrollable procreation, alcohol, some educational handicap unrelated to community shortcomings” (Galbraith 236).Case poverty is often blamed on the people for their shortcomings but on some levels can be to pinpoint one person's shortcomings that caused this poverty. Most modern poverty is insular and is caused by things people in this community cannot control. “The most important characteristic of insular poverty is forces, common to all members of the community, that restrain or prevent participation in economic life and increase rates of return.
To derive the average exit time measure of poverty, Morduch (1998) starts with an existing distributionally sensitive Watts measure. The original Watts measure is defined as ,where there are i individuals in the population indexed from 1 to N in ascending(positive) order of income (per capita monthly expenditure) and q is the number of people with expenditure y below the poverty line z, then the Watts poverty index, W, can be written as follows:
...on, to measure poverty in the United States, the measure requires four components: the scale of resources, the unit of analysis, the poverty threshold, and the depth of poverty. The current U.S. measure has all these components but the problem is that it is too strict and does not explain much about the situation in the U.S. My proposal is more flexible explaining why the poor are poor because it is sensitive to the times and cultures of the society, accounts for the majority of available resources to the poor, and shows where they are in the poverty spectrum.
Merriam Webster defines poverty as the state of lacking a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions. The United States Census Bureau identifies poverty as a lack of goods and services commonly taken for granted by members of mainstream society. Professor Gene Nichol, however, defines poverty from an emotional, yet som...
In 2014, the nation’s official poverty rate was 15%. The poverty rates by age groups ranged from 10% to 21%. Poverty rates by age were: 21% of people under age 18, 14% of people 18 to 64 years of age, 10% of people 65 years of age and over. The Census Bureau also provides information on how the poverty rate by age has changed over time.
Poverty is a global epidemic that contributes to the deaths of millions each year. However, poverty is more prominent in some areas around the world than others. The Oxford dictionary defines poverty as the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support, but it’s so much more. Poverty can be defined as being hungry, lacking shelter, being unable to go to school, being unable to see a doctor, or being powerless and having a lack of freedom. The reason behind the many descriptions of poverty is that poverty has many faces, and its definition changes depending on the place and time, however the effects of poverty on the poor are always the same.
This was revised in 1993, and through 2005, absolute poverty was $1.08 a day for all countries on a purchasing power parity basis, after adjusting for inflation to the 1993 U.S. dollar. In 2005, after extensive studies of cost of living across the world, The World Bank raised the measure for global poverty line to reflect the observed higher cost of living. Now, the World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than US$1.25 per day, and moderate poverty as less than $2 or $5 a day . It estimates that "in 2001, 1.1 billion people had consumption levels below $1 a day and 2.7 billion lived on less than $2 a day." A dollar a day, in nations that do not use the U.S. dollar as currency, does not translate to living a day on the equivalent amount of local currency as determined by the exchange rate. Rather, it is determined by the purchasing power parity rate, which would look at how much local currency is needed to buy the same things that a dollar could buy in the United States. while in India it was US$1.0 per day These different poverty lines make data comparison between each nation 's official reports qualitatively difficult. Some scholars argue that The World Bank method sets the bar too high, others argue it is low. Still others suggest that poverty line misleads as it measures everyone below the poverty line the same, when in reality someone living on $1.20 per day is in a
Economically poverty is the condition of not having enough funds to provide water, shelter, clothing and nutrients for them and the household. Socially, poverty is viewed as a disadvantage in the social belonging, such as capabilities, educational and cultural aspects. Here is an exception from Narayan, D. & P. Petesch. 2002. Voices of the poor: from many lands. Oxford University Press for the World Bank. New York, this is one of the best description out there to describe poverty from one’s point of view. “Throughout the Voices of the Poor series people vividly describe multiple, interlocking sets of disadvantages that leave them powerless to get ahead. Experiences of ill-being including material lack and want (of food, housing and shelter, livelihood, assets and money); hunger, pain and discomfort; exhaustion and poverty of time; exclusion, rejection, isolation and loneliness; bad relations with others, including bad relations within the family; insecurity, vulnerability, worry, fear and low self-confidence; and powerlessness, helplessness, frustration and anger”
In conclusion of my definitions of poor and poverty is that to get the true definiton of poverty you have to think about the many other definitions and include all of them together and then decide when and how you can say that you or anyone else are actually considered to be poor or in poverty. It takes a lot of thought in thinking of what each of these words mean and many things should be taken into consideration before applying them.
There are two ways to categorize poverty from a sociologist viewpoint. Absolute poverty simply refers to the condition in which one is unable to afford the necessities of life, whereas relative poverty refers to the condition in which one is unable to afford that which is considered a normal standard of living in society. Absolute poverty is far more worse than relative poverty because they could quite possible not have a house or food to live on for everyday survival. There are basically five different categories in which each poverty stricken person can be placed in. The first category are those who are not able to work because they are too old, too young, disabled, or tied down by social responsibility. The second category are those who are able and qualified to work but can not find work. The third category are those who are not equipped to fill available jobs either because they are undereducated or because their skills have become outdated. The fourth category are those whose social and personal problems have brought them to a point of self-defeating discouragement. The last category are those who are underpaid, or unable to get a fair price for what they have to sell. After defining which people are in poverty, these categories can answer my question of why are they in poverty and how they can be helped.
Poverty is generally defined as a state of deprivation in well-being. The conventional perspective connects well-being basically to control over commodities, so the poor are individuals who do not have sufficient income or consumption to place them above some adequate bare minimum threshold (Lyman et al, 2004). Poverty is also tied to a particular type of consumption, for instance people may be considered health poor, house poor or food poor. The poverty dimensions can often be determined directly. For instance it can be measured by assessing malnutrition or levels of literacy (Alla...
What is poverty? Well, according to Webster's Third New International Dictionary, poverty is "lack of money or material possessions; poor." Two-thirds of the world's population fits this definition. I know that many times we think of being poor as not being able to buy the car we want or take the trip we can only dream about. However, being poor, living in poverty, hits a lot lower than that. For example, a resident of the country of Chad will only bring in $100 each year. Since many people can make more than that in one week, some in one day, can you imagine having the feed a family of five or six, or even a family of two, on only $100 a year? These are the conditions that exist in poverty-stricken countries.
To begin, there are two main types of poverty in the world, non-income and income poverty (ZPRP). Non Income Poverty is when people may have money, but only a little to keep themselves alive (ZPRP). They don’t have the money to afford physical services and social events such as schooling, work, medicines, health care, sanitation, and transportation (ZPRP). The best way to condense the cause of non-income poverty is to make sure that individuals have access to inexpensive and exceptional social services, that they feel safe when in their homes and that they have family and friends to protect them when needed (ZPRP). Income poverty is when people are living on less than 1 dollar a day, which is far from the normal amount a family can survive on (ZPRP). They tend to not have fresh food and water, medicine, live in poor houses, sometimes no houses, and have dirty and ragged clothes (ZPRP). Just as there are many types of poverty, there are many effects to it to.
Poverty is an issue dealt with throughout the world, but we are not all aware of its conditions. Poverty is a very serious problem around the world. Poverty is defined as the equality of poorness and impoverishment -- (the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions). A question to ask ourselves is: “Should poverty be defined strictly in terms of monetary income, as opposed to some qualitative formula which takes into consideration styles of life as well as material possessions?” (Sheppard 13) Because there are so many different ways we can express the term poverty, maybe there should be a certain way we can determine poverty worldwide?