The Provisional Irish Republican Army
When one thinks of terrorism, the conflict in Israel or other Middle Eastern countries usually comes to mind. Although true to some extent there are many other groups in the world that fall under the category of Îterroristsâ. One of these groups is located in Europe, more specifically in Northern Ireland, and is commonly known as the IRA, or the Irish Republican Army. This group has been around for decades and has fought politically and militarily for the liberation of Ireland from the rule of Great Britain. To fully grasp and understand the Provisional Irish Republican Army (from now on in the paper the Provisional Irish Republican Army will be referred to as the IRA) and its cause, it is necessary to analyze the history, leadership and organization, tactics and strategies, and involvement with other terrorist groups This paper will focus on what is known as the Provoâs or the PIRA, which is the paramilitaristic side of the IRA, while not much will be focused on the politica!l sector of the IRA known as the Sinn Fein.
The Provisional Irish Republican Army wasnt officially formed until 1969, but can trace its origins back to the 19th century in a country across the Atlantic. The story is told that sometime in June 1866 a group of about 800 armed men, most members of a group known as the Fenian brotherhood, fought a battle along the Canadian border with some young militia men. This group of men waged the tiny battle while flying a banner with the letters IRA printed across it. The reasoning for this was the men had been told that they were fighting in an attempt to create a base of operations for the separation of Ireland from the rule of British, ultimately the goal was to anhilate Great Britain. The group failed and retreated back towards the U.S. border, and the term IRA did not appear for another 50 years in an Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916. A group of rebels led by a man named Patrick Pearse, seized the General Post Office and other public buildings, but this bloody conflict was quickly quelled. Despite the short-lived event, it awakened interest and support for the separation of Ireland from Britain. This uprising also produced the Proclamation of the Republic, which has been declared the founding document of the IRA. In 1921 treaty was signed that established the Irish Free State and two parliaments- one for t...
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...his relationship a much more significant relationship was built between the IRA and the Libyan Muâammar al-Qadhafi. Qadhafi had publicly supported the actions of the IRA in the summer of 1972. As with the other groups the relationship was based on providing the IRA with guns and ammunition. Qadhafiâs contribution to the Provisionalâs(IRA) was to find them sources of weapons, which could not be traced to his country. The IRA had and still and have contact with and support of the Algerian, Libyan, and Iranian governments and other terrorist groups (1). These relationships are the key to how the IRA is able to acquire small arms and sometimes heavier ammunition.Conclusion The Irish conflict has had many actors, but the most infamous and deadly actor has been the Provisional Irish Republican Army. They can trace they roots back to the late 19th century and have utilized deadly tactics to draw attention to their cause. Their leadership has called for peace several times, but continued to negotiate with other terrorist groups in order to maintain an active army. Until the entire island of Ireland is free of British rule it seems that there will be an IRA or at least some form of the IRA
To support his claim, McPherson argues there is nothing morally relevant to make a distinction between terrorism and conventional war waged by states. In other words, from the moral angel, there is no difference between terrorism and conventional war. Both two types of political violence have some common natures related to morality like posing threat to civilian lives. McPherson argues that conventional war usually causes more casualties and produces fear widely among noncombatants. He focuses on defending the claim that terrorists sometimes do care about noncombatants and proportionality. This viewpoint infers that terrorists do not merely intent to do harm to civilians. As a matter of fact, they sometimes put civilian interests in the first place. Those terrorists caring the victims would not resor...
In May of 1918 the remainder of the prisoners were released. The shadow government and the Irish Republican Army were established. Eamon DeVelera was the president of the shadow government, and Michael Collins and Harry Boland, his right hand men, are associated with the IRA’s establishment. The IRA performed many rebellious acts towards the British and any Irish spies that they hired. The British felt that something needed to be done but did not have the troops due to the First World War. To work around this they sent in a hand-picked elite group that were called the Black and Tans. An Irish spy that was giving information to the IRA in return for his life informed them of the Black and Tans addresses. They then went and killed many of them. This led to the British calling a truce. (Coogan,”Troubles”,pgs. 35-42)
The Effectiveness and Success of Parnell as an Irish Nationalist Leader Parnell was a very influential leader and had campaigned for many different causes but most noticeably he campaigned for land reform within Ireland, this was one of his most noticeable achievements as an Irish Nationalist Leader. Parnell was helped to power by the Land League. This was where the end of the Great Famine within Ireland meant that farmer's incomes fell by a large extent and they demanded the reduction of rents due to this. They demanded this because many farmers could not pay the rents so this meant that landlords evicted them.
The Irish National Liberation Army was founded on the 8th December 1974 by the former member of the Irish Republican Army(IRA) Seamus Costello who left or was forced to leave the group as he strongly disagreed with the ceasefire called by the Irish Republican Army in 1972. The Irish National Liberation Army came under attack from the Irish Republican Army who wanted to destroy them because the Irish National Liberation Army goal was to remove Northern...
British- Irish relations over the past three hundred years have been troubled. There have been many tensions caused by religion in Northern Ireland and Britain's unfair rule of Northern Ireland. The British are guilty of many of the indignities suffered by the Irish people. They are also guilty of causing all of the religious and territorial conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland.
When World War I began, Irish nationalists flocked to sign up for Britain’s war effort in the hundreds of thousands. They believed they were at last making Ireland one of the small nations of Europe, and that in showing their good faith in Britain they were ensuring Home Rule be passed. However, another more extreme tradition of patriotism considered Home Rule a sell-out. Thomas J. Clarke, who had been previously gaoled after being sent to England on a dynamiting mission in 1883, immigrated to America and then returned to Ireland in 1907. In his tobacconist’s shop in Dublin the Irish Republican Brotherhood (I.R.B.), a group of patriots who wanted national independence, was being revived. He held a meeting with, among others, Patrick Pearse, Eoin MacNeill and Sean MacDermott, who had broken away with a minority of extremist Volunteers when Redmond co-operated with the war effort, and Connolly who was now the creator and commander of the Irish Citizen Army, a worker’s fighting force designed to defend against police brutality. There they made the decision to rise in arms against British rule.
Irish Republican Army – The IRA held the belief that all of Ireland should be its own independent republic from England. After WWI ended, Irish local started the Irish War for Independence in 1919, where the English eventually settled and made a treaty for the Irish. In 1922 the IRA rejected the Anglo-Saxon Treaty, and fought again for Irish independence, where they were eventually defeated. In the film “The Wind That
Civil War in Ireland in 1914 Introduction The third home rule bill sparked unionism among members. opposed the bill, which in turn brought about Nationalism who sought to protect the property of the owner. These two paramilitary groups brought Ireland to the brink of civil war by 1914. When the Liberals won power in 1906 they tried to keep the Irish question. in the background, ensuring it stayed well down the political agenda.
The Vikings have garnered attention over the years not only for their raiding and trading, but also for the Paganist gods and religion. Similar to many other ancient civilizations, the Vikings leave behind many myths containing tales of their gods and their beliefs. Marvel’s 2011 film Thor serves as an introduction to Norse gods and mythology, but it does fall flat in term of accuracy and detail in certain areas. Despite various large and small-scale changes to its overall plot and characters, Thor has been well-adapted to portray Norse myths as best as possible within an existing Marvel franchise.
Pape believes that suicide terrorism is focused around democracies and occupation. After conducting his research, Pape discovered that from 1980 to 2001, records of suicide terrorism have had three main reoccurring, necessary properties: timing, nationalist goals, and target selection. Pape (2003) explains that, when it comes to timing, “nearly all suicide attacks occur in organized, coherent campaigns, not as isolated or randomly timed incidents” (347). Thus, Pape infers there is strategic reasoning behind this way of terrorizing the masses. He further states campaigns of suicide terrorism focus on gaining oversight of territory terrorists deem as their national homeland.
The Irish Republican Army was a well-known terrorist organization originating in Dublin, Ireland. The IRA (Irish republican Army) used irregular military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, and petty warfare against the United Kingdom. The IRA raged Guerilla warfare against the British, creating the Irish War of Independence. Even though the Irish Republic Army is no longer active, in their time they wreaked havoc any many different people. In this essay, the description of the group, historical and past events of the group and recent activities will be discussed.
To many, thanks to Marvel’s movie Thor, the most known Norse gods consist of Thor, Odin, and Loki. Those three gods are important to Norse mythology, but an overlooked Norse goddess is Hel the goddess of the underworld or her other title Hel of Helheim’s Hell Hall (Saunders, 2013). Hel is Loki and Angrboda’s daughter and it is said that her birth marked the beginning of disease (Took 2013).It is also said that Hel’s arrival to your village means that plaque was to come (Took,2013).According to the mythology she rules Helheim which is considered the Norse equivalent of the underworld (Saunders,2013). Unfortunately for Hel she was half dead, half blue, with a hideous face and gangrene on her legs, because of her ugliness she was banished by
The Web. 14 Jan 2011. Allison, Fiona. " The Irish War of Independence 1919-1921." suite101.com.
At the onset of the First World War in 1914 the Irish Home Rule Bill was suspended, returning the Irish people to direct rule by the British government. This was viewed as a slap in the face by many in Ireland. It became the primary source of tension between the Royal Irish Constabulary, an armed police force appointed by the British Crown, and opposing rebel groups. The Royal Irish Constabulary consisted of approximately 10,000 members throughout Ireland. Some 1,000 members were present in Dublin on Easter Monday. The Irish Republican Brotherhood was the principal rebel group, forming the backbone of the approximately 2,000 people who participated in the Easter Rising. Padraig Pearse and James Connolly led the rebels in the armed confrontation to seize control of several important buildings in Dublin. Among those were the General Post Office, the South Dublin Union, St. Stephen's Green, and several train stations. Once control of Dublin was achieved the rebels used the General Post Office as their headquarters. At nightfall on the 24th rebels leaders signed a document declaring themselves as the provisional government of the Irish Republic. British troops were called in the next day in an attempt to force the rebels to surrender. A bloody standoff continued for the next week. Much of Dublin, including the General Post Office, was burned primarily due to British artillery shelling. Finally, on Saturday the 29th Padraig Pearse and James Connelly surrendered ending the bloodshed. It is estimated that approximately 200 buildings were destroyed. Over 500 casualties resulted and more than 400 of those were from the British side. Fifteen rebels, including Pearse and Connelly, were sentenced to death by firing squad. In addition, popular military leaders Michael Collins and Eamon DeValera were sentenced to prison, solidifying strong opposition to British control by a majority of the Irish people.
It all took place between the 1870's and 1920's. Home rule was a huge part of the political life in Ireland, which meant that the Irish Parliament would be restored for most issues, but the British government would still cover many important areas (Conflict 3). The term Government Association started to be used very frequently; Isaac Butt was the gentleman who founded this association. In 1873 this became known as the Home Rule League and in 1874 a general election was held where fifty home rulers were elected to the Home Rule party also known as the Irish Parliamentary Party (Irish 29).