Introduction In 1791, William Gregor discovered titanium in igneous rocks and its sediments and it is now the ninth most abundant element of the earth. However, the pure metal was only deduced in 1910, where Matthew Hunter heated TiCl4 with sodium at 700°C. Titanium is a strong and shiny metal with a melting point of 1670°C and boiling point of 3287°C1. Titanium displays a range of properties that allow it to be used in medical applications, where it is usually alloyed with metals such as Aluminium and Vanadium2. However, its properties can cause problems such as implant failure and lack of bone implant integration. Modifications to the surface of titanium can help to overcome this.
Properties Titanium Exhibits Titanium exhibits a variety of mechanical properties that allows it to be used in different applications. Titanium is extremely resistant to corrosion especially when in close proximity with different media such as human bone, synovial fluid and plasma. This is achieved through the use of a stable and insoluble oxide film that strongly adheres to the surface of titanium. Research has shown that titaniums resistance is considerably better than
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Titanium is prone to implant centred infections as a result of a biofilm being generated on its surface and its immune response being compromised at the implant/tissue interface. As previously mentioned, titanium is biocompatible and this is a result of the surface protein layer that is created under physiological conditions. However, the protein layer also creates an appropriate environment for bacteria to survive, colonise the implant and create a biofilm8. Bacteria commonly found on the surface of titanium include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis and Lactobacillus casei, all of which are facultative anaerobes9. As a result, the hosts defence system is impaired and this may result in an
BioPatch, and alternatives like Tegaderm CHG, are an important first step in helping prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections (CBIs). As CBIs rank among the most frequent and potentially lethal nosocomial infections, the need for a device to cut down infections at the insertion site has increased. The growing numbers of infections has driven companies to consider a three-tiered approach: a maximal aseptic barrier at insertion, proper site maintenance, and hub protection. With BioPatch and alternative products catheter sites receive that maximal aseptic barrier to prevent bacteria growth.
Radioactive Waste One of the most talked about opposition to nuclear fission is the radioactive waste it produces. Radioactive waste is what is left behind after using a reactor to make electricity. There are two levels of waste, low and high, but both are regulated by the Department of Energy and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. High level waste is made up of fuel that’s been used directly in the reactor, which is highly radioactive but can still be disposed of. Low-level waste is the contaminated items that have been exposed to radiation.
Some ceramics are used in orthopaedic applications such as bone repair, bone augmentation and joint replacement but their use in this field is not as extensive or widespread as metals and polymers because ceramics have poor fracture toughness. This severely limits the use of ceramics in load bearing applications (Davis, 2003).
Titanium carbide (TiC) is a titanium compound that is used for it hardness. TiC is used to produce cutting tools. The strength of titanium avails it to be used to cut and to engrave other metals which are not as hard as titanium.
There was a case involving Johnson & Johnsons all metal hip implant. This case involved a 65 year old former prison guard claiming to have gotten metal poisoning from the devices. Johnson & Johnson’s DePuy Orthopaedic division industrial implants and were recalled in 2010 due to design defects. It was said that these implants were shedding toxic metal debris in patient’s bodies. The devices carry a ball and cup covered with cobalt and chromium but were advertised as being more durable than plastic and ceramic. The plaintiffs claimed that the two rubbed against one another and produced these toxic debris. It was said that around 5 out of 10 had to be replace...
Molinari, J., & Hart, J. (2010). How to Choose and Use Environmental Surface Disinfectants. Cottone's Practical Infection Control in Dentistry (Third Edition ed., pp. 185- 193). Philadelphia: Wolters Kumar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
With the development of modern technologies, people enjoy their lives with higher level of quality. This results in the extension of average humane life time and the rapid changes of age structure of the population in the world. There are increasing demands for replacing the failed tissues on aged people. For example, if injury occurs on knees, the ability to flex the knee will be restricted due to pain. Deterioration of the knee joint would make it difficult to perform everyday activities. Even when you lie and sit, it still feels painful. Knee replacement surgery is a common solution to relief for the pains. These rapid increasing demands of implant demonstrate the new generation of implant materials with better mechanical properties and higher biological performance for the expectation of longer life.
The tiny implant is made of titanium. It provides power to the new artificial teeth also called crown. The titanium is powerful and has good biochemistry and fits effectively with one other ligaments. The mouth must be strong since it requires lot of force while chewing and using bites. The breaks in the tiny implant are possible however not common at all.
preparation or iodine (Kapadia et al., 2013). It is reasonable to expect the same results favoring the use of chlorhexidine as an enhanced, if not a more effective skin disinfection if patients were followed and assessed over a 6-month period post-surgery. Following patients over a 6-month period will allow researchers to account for those patients who have had implants placed and assess if slow-developing infections occur due to these implanted devices. However, a more randomized and a larger number of study patients is warranted to eliminate or lessen the effect of biases. Are the skin disinfection steps being performed by patients at home consistent and according to instructions? Is the body site or operative site being prepped adequately
Biofilms can form on many surfaces, including natural aquatic systems, human teeth, medical devices like artificial heart valves and catheters,
Biofilms are formed by a six step process. First is a reversible process, when an organic monolayer(made of polysaccharides or glycoproteins) absorbs to the surface, altering the chemical and physical properties of the surface. This makes the surface more conditioned and increase the chance that planktonic bacteria will attach. Secondly, also a reversible step, is when the free-floating or planktonic bacteria encounter the conditioned surface, and some attachment of the bacteria may occur. The third step is when the bacteria is left attached too long, then an irreversible attachment occurs. F...
S. Thamizhmnaii , B. Bin Omar, S. Saparudin, S. Hasan, ‘Surface roughness investigation and hardness by burnishing on titanium alloy’,AMME journal, Volume 28 Issue 2 June 2008
...rformance aircraft as it has an extremely low rate of corrosion. Indium can also be used in the coating of mirrors as it creates the same quality mirrors as silver but it is considered to be more resistant to atmospheric corrosion.
The Consumer throws aluminium cans and foil into a recycle bin. The Aluminium is then collected and taken to a treatment plant. In the treatment plant the aluminium is sorted and cleaned ready for reprocessing.
Biomaterials are derived from nature or in the laboratory using various chemical approaches utilizing metallic components for example composite, polymers and ceramics materials. These materials are usually used for a medical application and it consists of part or whole of a living structure or biomedical device which performs as a natural function. These materials are more likely used for a human heart valve and veins or may be bioactive with interactive functionality such as hip implants. Biomaterials are also used in drug delivery every day and also in dental applications surgery .Biomaterials scientists are nowadays paying more and more attention to the progress of inorganic crystallization within a largely organic as expected occurring compounds. These processes typically occur at some temperature and pressure. Remarkably the animated organisms are through which these crystalline form of minerals are capable of consistently producing complexly complex structures. Considerate the processes of living organisms are capable of flexible the growth of crystalline minerals for example silica could lead to insignificant scientific mixture techniques for Nano scale composite materials. The biomaterial word is used for materials that can be used in clinical and biomedical applications. These bio materials are biocompatible in nature. Presently many types...