Antimicrobial peptides (AMP), also known as host defense peptides (HDPs), exist extensively in all classes of life, contributing not only on immune responses mostly to bacterial infections, also modulating inflammatory response by regulating cytokine, chemotaxis, apoptosis and wound healing. Human HDPs have three major components, namely human α-, β-defensins (HADs and HBDs), and cathelicidin (LL-37). HDPs have a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungal species, and viruses [1-4]. HBDs are small cationic amphipathic peptides with a beta-sheet structure and a signature motif of six cysteines [5]. While LL-37 has its two consecutive leucine residues at the amino-terminal end and 37 amino acids, thus was named accordingly [6].
In addition to the ability of eliminating bacteria similar to antibiotics, HDPs can also naturalize endotoxin produced by gram-negative bacteria, thereby limiting the inflammatory reaction in host [7]. Moreover, with the difference of mechanisms comparing to antibiotics, HDPs will cause less toxicity toward host cells and have a low risk of microbial resistance [8]. HDPs can be induced by various factors. Rather than pathogens, some dietary resources such as fatty acids, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, curcumin, vitamin D3, zinc, and disaccharides were reported to have HBD1 and LL37 induction activities, thereby boosting HDPs [3,9-11]. Those results capacitated the therapeutic possibility of HDPs-inducing drug and treatment.
Fatty acids are constructed by a chain of various amount of carbon atoms attached to hydrogen atoms. Fatty acids can be categorized into three groups based on the number of carbon atoms: short-fatty acids (SCFAs) ≤ C5, medium-chain fatty acids (...
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... had a higher induction effect on HBD1 than their counterpart at the same concentration (Figure 3). While on LL-37, 5-phenyl valeric acid (C5), 6-phenyl hexanoic acid (C6) and 7-phenyl heptanic acid (C7) had a higher response than their fatty acids, the peak expression observed at 5-phenyl valeric acid (C5) (Figure 3).
Effects of HDAC inhibitors on HBD1 and LL-37-inducing activities
Histone acetylation and deacetylation are two ways to modify histones on chromosomes, thereby regulating genetic expressions. Butyrate was reported as a non-competitive, reversible histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitor [19-21], additionally other HDAC inhibitors, such as sodium valproate, sulforaphane, apcidin etc., were examined as the genetic expression promoters [22-25]. In our study, we determined the effects on HBD1 and LL-37 expression induced by seven HDAC inhibitors (Figure 4).
Acid or base-catalyzed hydrolysis yields the component fatty acid, some examples of which are given in the following table, together with the alcohol component of the lipid. These long-chain carboxylic acids are generally referred to by their common names, which in most cases reflect their sources. Natural fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated, and as the following data indicate, the saturated acids have higher melting points than unsaturated acids of corresponding size. The double bonds in the unsaturated compounds listed on the right are all cis (or
Medium chain fatty acids are fatty acids with aliphatic tails of 6 to 12 carbons. These can
In 1980, HFCS was introduced to the human diet and quickly took off with its high achie...
Another campaign developed by the CDC is the Transatlantic Taskforce on Antimicrobial Resistance (TATFAR). This task force focused on urgent antimicrobial resistance issues and appropriate therapeutic use of antimicrobial drugs in the medical and veterinary communities. Also, prevention of both healthcare- and community-associated drug-resistant infections, and strategies for improving the pipeline of new antimicrobial drugs()
Fats: Fats or lipids are important in diet to provide the body with energy. The British Nutrition Foundation state that fats are made up of amino acids. There are two types of fats they are saturated and unsaturated. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature such as cheese, butter etc. Too much saturated fats increase the risk of heart disease. Whereas unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature such as nuts, vegetable oil etc. These maintain healthy cholesterol levels.
For many years we have become increasingly dependant on antibiotics to fight off the bacteria that cause diseases in our bodies. Many of the diseases these bacteria and microbes cause are infectious. For these reasons, it has been noticed that bacteria and other microbes are becoming increasingly resistant to the antibiotics prescribed to sick people. Many doctors prescribe antibiotics for common illnesses, yet other medicines such as home remedies and homeopathy could be used instead. As a result, we are using antibiotics too often, as many sources claim we should only be using them once every three years.”Bacteria have shown a remarkable ability to endure and adapt to their environment including the development of different mechanisms of resistance to most old and new antimicrobial agents”. Because of the frequent prescription, the bacteria and microbes that cause these illnesses are exposed to the same type of antibiotics frequently, thus they are able to adapt and build up resilience against these antibiotics. “Bacteria have developed resistance to all different classes of antibiotics discovered to date” . This is a major problem as we rely so heavily on antibiotics to treat serious illnesses that we are running out of options to treat them with. The prescribing of antibiotics for illnesses that are not life-threatening are now resulting in fewer solutions to cure people affected by diseases that can be fatal.
The chemical structure of doripenem is similar to other carbapenem antibiotic. It compromised a beta lactam ring fused with 5-membered ring. Differ with penicillin, at carbon 1, doripenem has a beta methyl group which prevent hydrolysis of DHP-1. Among carbapenem members, only imipenem does not exert this physical feature. Therefore, imipenem need an additional of dehydropeptidase-1 inhibitor to sustain the microbial activity. Oth...
Another type of fatty acids that is often found in the diet are omega-6 fatty acids. In contrast to omega-3, these fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids, which when taken in large amounts, can cause inflammation and lead to negative health effects.
Differentiating between fatty acids can be in two main ways: the length of free fatty acid chains and the fatty acids degree of saturation. The number of carbon atoms determine the length of fatty acid chains which often categorized as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), and Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) with aliphatic tails longer than 22 carbons, while the number of double bonds between carbon atoms determine their degree of saturation. Fats can be categorized into saturated fats and unsaturated fats. Furthermore, the unsaturated fats divide into monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats. Fatty acid can be saturated if there are no double bonds
The omega-3 fatty acids, popularly referred to as fish oil, are considered unsaturated fats. Science differentiates between unsaturated and saturated fats quite clearly. One fact that separates the two is the temperature at which melting occurs. Saturated fats melt at a higher temperature than unsaturated fats. The science behind fatty acids is rather complex; carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains are the building blocks of saturated and unsaturated fats. This is important to the human body for many reasons; one reason being unsaturated fats do not cause plaque build-up in arteries like saturated fats due to their molecular structure in the human blood stream.
Polyunsaturated fats examples include liquid cooking oils like corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, soy oil, nuts such as walnuts, seeds, fish, seafood, polyunsaturated margarine. Polyunsaturated fats are essential fats required for normal body functions. Since human body cannot make them, we must get them from food. Polyunsaturated fats are important for blood clotting, to build cell membranes, the nerve coverings, muscle movements, controlling inflammation, etc. Consuming products with polyunsaturated fats in place of saturated fats or highly refined carbohydrates reduces harmful LDL cholesterol improving cholesterol profile. A polyunsaturated fat contains two or more double bonds in its carbon chain. The two main types of polyunsaturated fats are omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids. The numbers refer to the distance between the beginning of the carbon chain and the first double bond. Both types offer health benefits and lowers
14. Erucic acid is a long-chain unsaturated fatty acid. Like oleic acid, it suppresses the creation of VLCFSAs, but is much more
Guanidines. The cyclic thiourea compound had greater inhibiting in the lung cancer cells compared to the bis-cyclic Guanidines. these compounds decreased the mRNA of PTHrp and hence decreased their transcription. The results showed that the decrease in the levels pf PHTrp was not due to cytotoxcicity on the cells , however due to a decrease in the promoter reporter concstruct specifically the P3 promoter .(19)
...the effects of manipulating the fatty acids in the stomach of the animals Fu et al (2003)3.
Saturated fats come from animal sources like steak, hamburger and pork. Unsaturated fats are derived from plants. There are also trans fats that are considered poison for the body. They raise the bad cholesterol in your body, and should never be included in a healthy diet. There are also fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6 that are good for a healthy body.