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The problem of organ donation
Ethical issues with organ donation
The problem of organ donation
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In the world of medicine there has been many new discoveries and innovations. Yet, it seems like the government is focusing on the wrong problems. One major problem deals with organ donations, and there is always a recurring question; should the family of the donor be compensated? Each patient unfortunately becomes an insignificant statistic joining the lines of hopeless patients who wait in line on the organ transplant list. The scarcity of transplant organs in the United States is accredited to many reasons: the unwillingness of families to approve donation after the donors death, even if the patient has wished to do so; religious objections; disinclination of medical personnel to approach families after the death; and the crookedness of the medical system. The need for organs far exceeds the number of donated organs, the dilemma becomes apparent: Should Organ Donors &/or Their Families Be Financially Compensated?
For those who lack healthy organs, organ donations can save their life. Although there’s a tight spot, there is a shortage of much needed organs; the Mayo Clinic notes, “More than 101,000 people are waiting today for transplant surgeries.” The clinic goes on to state that while daily, 77 people receive organ transplants, nineteen die waiting for a transplant. Those waiting for transplants could likely be saved with a larger pool for organ donation. Many proposals have arisen to increase the number of organ donors in the United States, ranging from presumed consent to financial incentives for organ donation. The latter, financial incentives, is a common suggestion drawing much controversy. While some assert that financial incentives could save lives, others argue that paying for organs will erode altruism and will ca...
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...rsial Bioethical Issues”, 11th ed.,
Should There Be a Market In Body Parts?
YES: J. Radcliffe-Richards, et al., from “The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales,” The Lancet (June 27, 1998)
NO: David J. Rothman, from “The International Organ Traffic,” The New York Review of Books (March 26, 1998)
“Death and Mortality.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 15 May 2009. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/FASTATS/deaths.htm
Grady, Denise and Meier, Barry. “A Transplant that is Raising Many Questions.” New York Times. 22 June 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/business/23liver.html
“Transplants in the U.S. by State.” Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/latestData/rptData.asp
United Network for Organ Sharing. http://unos.org
Mayo Clinic. http://www.mayoclinic.com
Yearly, thousands die from not receiving the organs needed to help save their lives; Anthony Gregory raises the question to why organ sales are deemed illegal in his piece “Why legalizing organ sales would help to save lives, end violence”, which was published in The Atlantic in November of 2011. Anthony Gregory has written hundreds of articles for magazines and newspapers, amongst the hundreds of articles is his piece on the selling of organs. Gregory states “Donors of blood, semen, and eggs, and volunteers for medical trials, are often compensated. Why not apply the same principle to organs? (p 451, para 2)”. The preceding quote allows and proposes readers to ponder on the thought of there being an organ
Thesis: I will explain the history of organ transplants, starting with ancient ideas before modern science until the 21st century.
... pricing organs like vultures, holding a great deal of disrespect to both the deceased as well as their families. In addition, the author fails to remain neutral when discussing the issue, and exaggerates in blaming the government, solely and entirely.
Seven percent of people on the waiting list—more than 6,500 each year— pass away before they are able to receive a transplant organ. One deceased organ donation supporter can save up to eight lives through organ donation. After death, organs that can be donated are the heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, pancreas and small intestines. Tissues that can be donated include: corneas, skin, veins, heart valves, tendons, ligaments and bones. More than 40,000 corneal transplants take place each year in the United States; it is the most common transplant surgery that takes place (American Transplant). In addition, a donator can save and improve more than a hundred lives through tissue donation. Organ recipients are chosen based predominantly on medical need, location, and compatibility. Presently, 461,776 transplant procedures have taken place in the U.S. since
Wolfe, R., Merion, R., Roys, E., & Port, F. (2009). Trends in Organ Donation and Transplantation in the United States, 1998-2007. American Journal of Transplantation , 9, 869-878.
A pittance for your kidney? It’s highly unlikely that anyone would answer yes to that question; however what if someone offered significantly more than a pittance? A thousand dollars, or perhaps even five thousand dollars? Although the buying and selling of organs is illegal on American soil, it’s no secret that the opportunity exists in other countries around the world. “In America, we have waiting list for people who are trying to get kidneys, there they have people who are on a wait list to sell their kidneys” (Gillespie). It’s quite incredible how a country cut off from western civilization, like Iran, has found such an innovative way to encourage organ donation. In American society one needs to “opt in” if they wish to participate in the
Throughout history physicians have faced numerous ethical dilemmas and as medical knowledge and technology have increased so has the number of these dilemmas. Organ transplants are a subject that many individuals do not think about until they or a family member face the possibility of requiring one. Within clinical ethics the subject of organ transplants and the extent to which an individual should go to obtain one remains highly contentious. Should individuals be allowed to advertise or pay for organs? Society today allows those who can afford to pay for services the ability to obtain whatever they need or want while those who cannot afford to pay do without. By allowing individuals to shop for organs the medical profession’s ethical belief in equal medical care for every individual regardless of their ability to pay for the service is severely violated (Caplan, 2004).
The federal government prohibits the sale, as opposed to the donation, of human organs. Under the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 (NOTA), it is a felony to give or receive compensation for them. Legalizing sales has been discussed in some circles, but proposals to let people sell their own organs as they see fit do not appear at the top of the list of most discussed issues, or anywhere close to the top (Jason). Recently, as the danger, rarity, and cost of organ transplants have gone down, the number of available organs has followed.
Richard A. Epstein’s “Thinking the Unthinkable: Organ Sales” (2005) is an argument trying to convince people that selling human organs is acceptable in order to increase the availability for those in need of an organ transplant. Epstein says money will motivate more people to donate their organs to those in need. He also looks at the argument from the point of the recipient of the organ and argues that the expense of buying an organ will not increase the price of getting an organ transplant.
Death is an unavoidable factor in life. We are all expected to die, but for some of the people the end does not have to come too soon. Joanna MacKay in her article Organ Sales Will Save discuss how the legalization of the organs sale, possesses the capability of saving thousands of lives. MacKay in her thesis stipulates that the government should not ban the human organs sale rather they should regulate it (MacKay, 2004). The thesis statement has been supported by various assertions with the major one being that it shall save lives. The author argues that with the legalized sale of organs, more people would be eager to donate their kidneys.
It is clear that a large demand for organs exists. People in need of organ donations are transferred to an orderly list. Ordinarily, U.S. institutions have an unprofitable system which provides organs through a list of individuals with the highest needs; however, these organs may never come. A list is
Bindel, J. (2013, July 1). Organ trafficking: a deadly trade - Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/10146338/Organ-trafficking-a-deadly-trade.html
A transplanted kidney can last a person their whole lifetime yet in the greatest country of the world, the government bans the selling of organs. This leads to thousands of citizens desperate to find a cure for themselves or a loved one. A solution to reduce our supply and demand gap would be to pay our donors. By paying our donors, this would increase the supply of kidneys tremendously. People living in extreme poverty are willing to put so much on the line for money. People in third world countries are accepting as little as $1,000 for a kidney just so they can supply their family with some food and necessities. This black market of organ trading needs to be stopped but we should not ask a patient to accept death easily. If organ sales did become legalized it would need to be highly regulated. Some people in less fortunate countries are only left to sell their organs on the black market. Why not build a regulated system that compensates people fairly and provides them with safety? As unpleasant as it seems to commodify organs, the current situation is simply too tragic not to change something. If coordinated properly, it could simultaneously satisfy the needs of wealthy countries with long waiting lists and poorer countries with overwhelming poverty. In the 1990s, after years of war and economic slumps, the country, Iran decided to compensate donors by paying them for
The State of the International Organ Trade. (2007, December). Retrieved April 24, 2011, from World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/8512/06-039370/en/#R43
Despite an increased rate in organ transplantation from living donors, the supply and demand of recipients and donors still has not met. In an effort to further encourage and increase the number of organs available for transplant by living donors, the contemplation of an organ market has been brought up into attention (Tong, 2007). While the idea of an organ market system would theoretically improve the number of living organ ...