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The Sumerians and the epic of Gilgamesh
The journey of the legend of gilgamesh
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The legend of Gilgamesh is believed to be the first story ever written by man. Before Gilgamesh was written it was passed from mouth to mouth by the ancient civilization of the Sumerians. The Sumerians existed over three thousand years before the birth of Christ. They recorded the story of Gilgamesh in cuneiform script. Later the Sumerian story was passed on to the Babylonians, Akkadians, Asyrians, Hitties, and Persians whom had also learned to write in their own languages. The Sumerians and their language disappeared, but their story of Gilgamesh has continued. With the rediscovery of the ancient cities and the objects contained within we found clay tablets with curios markings. Slowly theses markings were recognized as writing and the script, in its various languages, was laboriously deciphered. In these tablets we find the epic of Gilgamesh. Although scholars have disagreed about the meanings in the story and there have been as many versions of it as there have been translators it still has remained a historic myth. The story begins a description of the world in which Gilgamesh lived. There were the several gods in Gilgamesh’s world. The city of Gilgamesh was one in which the walls tower so high that they protect the city from invaders, floods, wild beasts, and even unfriendly gods. Even with all this protection the people of Uruk were not happy they spent all their time building the walls higher and higher. The mothers were without their sons and the woman without their lovers. The elders of the city went to complain to the gods about Gilgamesh who has ordered them to keep building the massive walls. They were answered by Anu. Anu dismissed the elders. He respected Gilgamesh as a fearless ruler and thought that he knew best for his people. The goddess of love, Ishtar disagreed. She was angered to see her young girls without their lovers and her mothers without their sons. The elders suggested a plan for the gods to create a man equal Gilgamesh. Aruru, the goddess who created mankind, came down and shaped a piece of clay and placed it in the forest. This man was very similar to Gilgamesh but this was a wild beast of a man. He was Enkidu. Enkidu lived in the cedar forest outside of Uruk. He learned to feed from the gazelle and learned to fight by wrestling the lion. One day a young trapper enco... ... middle of paper ... ... the Waters-of-Death, and awaits the return of the ferry-man. Eventually Gilgamesh becomes impatient and begins destroying the stone things on the boat. The ferryman approaches and scolds Gilgamesh for destroying the boat of Utanapishtim. Gilgamesh profusely apologizes and asks to be taken across the river. Since the boat is so damaged Gilgamesh is asked to cut poles in order to push there way across the river. Once Gilgamesh arrives to the other side he encounters a man and tells him of how he came to be there. The man, Utanapishtim, tells him that only the gods can make him immortal. He goes on to tell him how he became immortal. Utanapishtim tries to test if Gilgamesh could become immortal but Gilgamesh could not pass the test of warding off sleep. So Utanapishtim sends him back home, but not without telling him of a magic plant of rejuvenation. Gilgamesh finds the plant but out of distrust takes the plant with him to test on an old man instead of eating it immediately. While returning home a snake snatched the plant away and slithered into a hole leaving only his old skin behind. Gilgamesh eventually returns home with nothing. The moral being that there are no second chances.
After encountering the death of his friend Enkidu, Gilgamesh realizes that all men will die. Gilgamesh evolves from the beginning of The Epic of Gilgamesh as an unruly king to a realistic king who’s life ends in death. In the end after accepting that he too must die and be subject to fate, Gilgamesh settles back into his city setting, only this time to be a wise king rather than the foolish hero he once was.
He exudes pride in a manner only rivaled by Enkidu, his best friend. Gilgamesh and Enkidu relish in their brotherhood through fighting Humbaba and the Golden Bull. Their shared life is not permanent however. After they defeated the Golden Bull, the gods look down upon Enkidu and Gilgamesh, in which they decide one of them needs to die. As the book carries on, Enkidu is struck with a deathly illness and inevitably passes on. This changes Gilgamesh’s mindset towards death. In Mitchell’s translation, it reads,“If my grief is violent enough, perhaps he will come back to life again.’ For six days and seven nights I mourned him until a maggot fell out of his nose. Then, I was frightened, I was terrified by death” (Mitchell 167). Gilgamesh, who before was enthralled with the idea of dying a hero, suddenly became terrified of death. This growth, albeit not positive growth, was a direct result of the prior circumstances. The heroes’ shared hubris angered the gods who struck Enkidu down, causing Gilgamesh to lose his best friends. This loss causes gilgamesh to grow by fearing
Gilgamesh says, “Gilgamesh, enough! I am here to match some fate with you, not to destroy or
Utanapishtim, thanks to his wife, tells Gilgamesh of a plant that can be found at the bottom of the sea, if Gilgamesh eats the plant then he will become young again. Gilgamesh digs a hole until he reaches water, then he attaches rocks to he feet so he will sink, to reach the plant. Gilgamesh does not plan on using the plant at once, he plans on giving it to an old man in Uruk to see if the man becomes young again. If it works he will then use the plant on himself. However, Gilgamesh and Urshanabi stop by a spring on their way back and Gilgamesh leaves the plant on the ground as he takes a
Enkidu and Urshanabi serve as the threshold guardians by showing he needs to get past them and earn their trust throughout the story. Then, Shamash provides supernatural aid by helping him pass major obstacles. Gilgamesh enters the unexplored land when he goes into the cedar forest to destroy Humbaba and when he searches for the plant Utnapishtim told him about, and he faces a challenge when Utnapishtim tells him he must stay awake for six nights and seven days in order to become immortal. Finally, Gilgamesh undergoes his transformation when he decides he will give the plant to his people before himself, and once he returns to Uruk, he is proud of his city and passes his story on to others. Overall, Gilgamesh goes through all of the stages of the Sumerian archetype of a hero’s journey and is therefore considered an epic hero in Sumerian
The beginning of ancient times, people want to express themselves and how their daily life was establishing each day to keep in some form of records. The ancient people of Mesopotamia had developed the first earliest writing systems in human history. They also use the form of writing for communicate with each other and retain information too. The people also use the form of writing to keep a record of the food was gathered and delivered. Later on within the civilization of the Mesopotamians wanted to be creative of their arts and literature to pass down the next generations. In the 2100 B.C. The Epic of Gilgamesh was created with the old texts from the Old Babylonian. The Epic of Gilgamesh had about 12 tablets of the ancient tales. Later on
The Epic of Gilgamesh served the purpose to shed some light on the culture of Sumeria. The story has helped give factual information even though the epic many not be true in whole, it may have some truth in parts. It has given us more knowledge on the architectural craftsmanship of Sumerian people, and also shows us the belief of many gods in Sumer's polytheistic society.
Gilgamesh has to cut one-hundred and twenty poles to push the boat with, for each one can only be used once in order to avoid touching the "waters of death" (IX.196-217). Against all odds, Gilgamesh makes it to the other side of the sea and meets Utanapishtim. Twice Gilgamesh is given the opportunity to gain eternal life, and twice he fails. Utanapishtim challenges Gilgamesh to stay awake for "six days and seven nights," but Gilgamesh falls asleep almost immediately (XI.210-17). Out of pity, Utanapishtim tells Gilgamesh about a plant that has rejuvenating powers.
...t all of the hard times,had taught Gilgamesh a very important lesson, one that will lead to Gilgamesh becoming one of the greatest leaders of the ages.
Perhaps one of the main reasons the Epic of Gilgamesh is so popular and has lasted such a long time, is because it offers insight into the human concerns of people four thousand years ago, many of which are still relevant today. Some of these human concerns found in the book that are still applicable today include: the fear and concerns people have in relation to death, overwhelming desires to be immortal, and the impact a friendship has on a person’s life. It does not take a great deal of insight into The Epic of Gilgamesh for a person to locate these themes in the story, and even less introspection to relate to them.
They cut down trees, “then Enkidu builds a gigantic door…as a gift to Enlil.” (44) Upon their arrival to Uruk, Ishtar the goddess of sex, love and warfare wanted to wed Gilgamesh. In spite of this, Gilgamesh did not feel the same and did not wish to marry her. Ishtar was so upset with the decision of Gilgamesh that she sent down the “Bull of Heaven” (50) to kill him. The bull ultimately met its’ demise when Gilgamesh and Enkidu killed it.
Although there are differences between this ancient culture and ours, one similar idea found in the story is that of the worship of deity. There are many gods represented in the story of Gilgamesh. This reflects the tendency of the people of that time to cling to religious ideals to explain the unknown.
After the death of Enkidu, Gilgamesh tries to find immortality by trying to cross the ocean to find it.
...reat flood. Gilgamesh was not worthy of being a full god. Instead, Utnapishtim granted Gilgamesh the opportunity of the life he wished for so deeply by challenging him to stay awake for six days and seven nights. Being the human being that he was, Gilgamesh was unable to stay awake for the duration of that time. Prior to Gilgamesh’s reluctant return to Uruk, Utnapishtim bestowed upon him the secret of the magical plant that grows in the depths of the seas that which makes man youthful again. After successfully retrieving the plant, Gilgamesh unfortunately loses possession of the motif to a snake whom according to mythology now acquires “eternal life” or “everlasting youth” due to the continuous shedding of the skin. So, once again, Gilgamesh had been cheated of his supernatural gift yet again, demonstrating his true identity of a mortal human being (Gresseth, 6).
After Enkidu's death, Gilgamesh comes to the realization that one day he too will succumb to the same fate as his friend.