An individual’s social environment is defined by “one’s living and working environment and community characteristics and can be “experienced at multiple scales, often simultaneously, including households, kin networks, neighborhoods, town and cities and regions”. This includes historical and power relations within communities. Schwanen and Mokhtarian (2005) defined as person environment fit and residential neighborhood type “dissonance” is two related concepts that have been used to address social determinants of behavior. The latter concept has been used to explore mode choice in the context of residential self-selection.
The social environment covers the relationships, the culture and the society with whom the individual interacts. The social
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These are used to promote positive community attitudes and awareness to participation in physical activity. By this way, Social environment is experienced in different living and working environment and societies which includes social norms, influence of parental behaviors, and community opinion on cycling mode choice and effect of the work place environment in this research study.
2.1 Previous Review Papers
Many studies have done to identify factors that affect bicycle use for transportation at different areas. Several of these studies have focused on objectively measured elements of built environment (design of bicycle routes, connectivity of Road network, population density, land use mix) and Economic and demographic factors (age, gender, income, education). There is demonstrated clear and strong correlation between certain aspects of the built environment and the decision to cycle mode for the
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Antonakos CL have done a research in Michigan, Bradford, UK in 1994, titled “Environmental and travel preferences of cyclists”. Questioner distributed to the cyclists and considered leisure travel with focusing environmental and travel preferences of bicyclists using descriptive analysis. Bicycling facilities and on-road facilities were focused as dependant variable. There were analyzed age, gender, bicycle availability, cycling experience, cycling facilities, type and continuity, road way and physical characteristics, traffic volume and speed, distance and travel time as individual and household
ISTEA Sec. 1033 (1991) authorized the allocation of national highway system funds as well as federal land highway funds to support the construction of bicycle and walking paths adjacent to highway systems and refurbishing bridges for pedestrian use, up to 80 percent of total cost (“Intermodal Surface Transportation”,1991). At the conclusion of the 6 year scope, ISTEAs impact was viewed as minimal, at best. Dilger (2003) cites a lack of public interest by the American people as the catalyst for the “failure”. Americans would much rather drive to their destination as opposed to riding a bicycle or walking (p. 60).
He shows that he is contemplative by letting us know that thought long and hard about this topic and that he has done his research prior to writing this article. The assertive tone is brought into this paper when we realize that Clark shows the readers his confidence on his stance throughout the article. He makes certain that the readers know his authority and that he will not back down on his belief that the L. A’s bike-share system is
Riding a bike to work can be faster than taking your car or riding the T. On a bike, a person is able to bypass heavy morning traffic jams, eliminate the time it takes to find a parking spot, and arrive to work refreshed. A bike commuter is multitasking by getting from point A to point B and getting some exercise in at the same time.
New bikes were being created such as the, BMX, Mountain Bikes, and Road bikes. From the 1970 and the 1980s the BMX and Mountain bikes were the most popular bike used around the world. Many Bikes are not being used now because of cars and trains. Many people use it for tricks and for fun or race on the Tour De France. Approximately 9 million people are riding their bike to school, work, or fun
The cycling industry as a whole has a variety of different bikes that will work for any scenario out there. The first bike that the industry creates is the “road bike” which is a made for paved surfaces, triathlon or time-trial. Following the road bike is the “Mountain bike” which is made for dirt trails and rocky terrain. After the mountain bike is the “Cyclocross bike” they are for off season training, for professional bike riders. The bike has a heavy duty frame,with fatter and knobby tires. One of the new creations in the bike industry is the “Hybrid bike”, this bike has an upright sitting positions that has comfort amenities such as having a wide, thick seat and simple gears. Another part of the cycle industry is the children’s bikes in which have smaller wheels ranging from 19’’ and below. The newest creation in the cycling industry would be the “BMX bike” which are used for motocross events that have smaller wheels, knobby tires and are used for jumps and stunts. Cruiser bikes are used for rent purposes they have fat tires, big handlebars and a more relaxed frame for an upright riding style.
The great changes in American society that came with the introduction bicycle in the late 19th century are often overshadowed by the influence of the automobile in the following decades. Today, bicycles are often seen as an alternative mode of transportation - a cleaner and more environmentally conscious form of travel. Because of this, it may be difficult to realize the incredible modernizing effects that bicycles had on American society when they were first introduced. Manufacturing and marketing techniques introduced by the bicycle industry were massive steps towards modern industrial practices. In addition, by making individual travel available to many people for the first time, bicycles changed the speed at which life flowed in much of America. Bicycles granted a degree of personal freedom of mobility to many for the first time, and their effect on the women's rights movement of the time was notable. Bicycles were used in war, by police, and by the postal service, among others. In countless walks of life, the availability of personal travel offered by bicycles had an incredible impact on American society.
...uate personal motivation, however it is an issue that involves social and physical obstacles that must be overcome as well (Steinman, 2010). Environments that enhance walkability are typically associated with greater pedestrian traffic and lower body mass index (BMI). Neighborhood safety and traffic volumes and road speeds have been identified in the ACRES and other studies as determinants to a walk able neighborhood (Steinman, 2010, Wahlgren, 2011). Urban planners can address these issue in several different ways. Placing sidewalks and lighting to clearly guide pedestrians and creating visibility with canopy trees can create safe inviting spaces. Addressing volume and speed on roadways can be addressed by introducing sidewalk bulbs, roundabout and buffers between sidewalks and streets through the use of landscaping (Wahlgren, 2011, Dumbaugh, 2011, Frumkin, 2002).
In today's day and age, an increasing urgency must be put on the issue of transportation and its relation to society. Man owes it to himself to address the issue of transportation with practicality and, as one of the biggest polluters, ultimate discretion. One of the most practical and responsible forms of transportation available today is mass transit. However, a problem is present in American society in that mass transit is not as plentiful as it should be. Societies' across the globe are embracing mass transit much more quickly than Americans are. This problem can be remedied through proper education of the benefits of mass transit. Mass transit is the ideal future of travel for several reasons. Of note: “mass transit costs less to the community, needs less urban space, is less energy-intensive, pollutes less, is the safest mode, improves accessibility to jobs, and offers mobility for all” (1). Mass transit is also a highly flexible mode of transportation, with many different methods of travel available. Of note for these: metros, buses, carpooling, light rail, and waterborne transports. Proponents of mass transit claim it will find solutions to problems concerning the economy, the environment, and the energy crisis, as well as improving overall quality of life (2). Each of these ideas will be examined more in-depth.
This literature review will look into cycling as a means of transportation, for both commuter and recreational purposes, as well as look in depth, the question of just how much can cycling improve both our mental and physical health? The review will examine/critique the statistics that try to prove the affects of physical activity for public health, as well as outline the strengths of each claim and expose the weaknesses. The great philosopher Plato said that the "lack of activity [in society] destroys the good condition of every human being, while movement and methodical physical exercise save it and preserve it". This review will outline the dilemma we face in todays society; it ultimately can be referred to, as David Bannister suggests, the fascination with 'distance, speed and time'. For these three qualities are so domineering in our lives today and the effects (both positive and negative) play a substantial part in our lives. The review will critique the writings of scholars such as Tranter, Bannister, Racioppi, Tight and Lindsay as they attempt to define the importance of physical activity for public health.
Humans are spending too much time driving and not enough time on their physical activity. Not enough physical activity can lead to obesity, and obesity can lead to other health problems. According to Mindell, “Cycling or walking for transport puts physical activity into the daily routine, matching the health benefits of more formal exercise, such as gym membership or organized sport at less cost”(Mindell). If humans spend less time in their cars, and more time into walking and cycling the conditions of their health will increase. Walking or riding a bike costs way less than getting a gym membership. By walking you can save money because it’s free to walk places. Mindell values transportation that involves any kind of exercise versus driving everywhere. He values human health and everyday physical
only thing that can be improved by the use of bicycles. There are several major
The “Economics of Bicycling in SC” article presents a lot of valuable information about the economic and private benefits of bicycling and bicycle lanes as well as the savings of taking advantage of such transportation. The North Carolina Outer Banks made an investment on bike facilities and its return was incredible high resulting in a 9 to 1 annual return. More than fifty percent of the tourists in the Outer Banks said the bike facilities are a large contributing factor for them to return in the future. In Memphis, Tennessee a business owner said that “the [bike] lanes slowed down the traffic and people started noticing the business more”. Since the introduction of the bike lanes in the Memphis district his business has also grown in average thirty percent per year even though the business is art-related, which makes growing very complicated in a tough economy. Due to the bike lanes this same district has boomed with many new businesses, property renovations, higher demand by restaura...
This study investigated the barriers and enablers of physical activity in various workplaces. Thematic analysis that ensued provided relevant clues into understanding workers’ plight in the workplace with regard to actively participate into physical activity. Sedentary behavior settled in with time, given the amount of hours workers spent at work daily. It was equally important to bring into light factors that influenced workers behaviors so they could inform recommendations about physical activity for workers’ moral, motivation, and keeping healthy.
Bicycles have been a form of transportation for hundreds of years now. Although many people choose to drive automobiles rather than riding bicycles, there is still a sizeable amount of people who prefer riding bicycles. In addition, Cyclists have always ridden their bicycles on the road next to automobiles. However, many people believe that cyclists should have separate laws, while, on the other hand; other people believe that cyclists deserve to have the same laws as car drivers. According to Grant Petersen, bike commuting is up to 61.6 percent in the last thirteen years, but since the national average is still less than two percent, it is hard to make a strong case for revamping the laws to accommodate the significant upsurge. In spite of this, I agree that the laws and infrastructure should be altered to recognize the differences between bicycles and automobiles because it will improve the safety of cyclists, as well as vehicle drivers, and create a more diverse population inside our cities.
On the contrary, using private car is the same convenience of travelling as public transport. When people are in a hurry, they can suddenly go ev...