GPS aids the navigation system for accurate measurement of vehicle location [1]. Figure 2 provides an overview of navigation systems architecture used in the automotive industry. Coming to the navigation system architecture, it includes GPS antenna, GPS receiver, navigation computer, sensor interfaces, storage interfaces and a display unit.GPS antenna receives GPS signals from satellites. We have various GPS antenna configurations like, spiral helix, micro strip and planar rings. However, Popular among all is patch antenna. GPS signal uses Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) spread spectrum to facilitate satellites to use common frequencies without interference. Also GPS signal provides two codes, course acquisition (C/A code) used for civilian …show more content…
GPS driver receives and parses the data received from the GPS receiver. In addition to this, it is also responsible for extracting the useful information’s like latitude, longitude, altitude and timestamp. Navigation computer gets the vehicle information i.e. speed, direction, acceleration etc., from their respective vehicle sensors. Maps, which are used in navigation system are usually of big size (in Giga bytes, based on the type used) and are stored in an external SD card or compact disk. The database contains complete digital information about the local road network represented as a collection of points connected in a dot to dot fashion. Navigation system uses the data from digital map database for position calculation provided, GPS and sensor data are ready. Navigation software combines the sensor data, map data and GPS data to estimate the accurate position of the vehicle and is generally referred as map matching algorithm [3]. Nevertheless display driver helps the navigation system to convey position information to the vehicle’s driver once the estimated data are …show more content…
There are about 31 active satellites used for GPS communication which are rotating around the earth’s axis. Their orbit is inclined 55 degrees with respect to the equator. Satellites are placed at 20,000 kilometers from the earth’s surface and their orbits are designed in such a way that each satellite rotates two orbits per day. Orbits are planned so that at least 6 satellites in view, from most area on the earth [4].
C. Trilateration
Trilateration is a simple mathematical approach used to estimate the vehicle location by calculating the distance from the satellites in view. For 2-D (latitude, longitude) location estimation, GPS receiver must lock to at least three satellite signals. However, location estimation with three satellites may lead to inaccurate results, if vehicle is not at mean sea level. In this case we need to derive the altitude information in addition to latitude and longitude (3-D). This can be established only if the receiver gets signals from at least four
14. George A. Chidi Jr., Qualcomm turns Cell Phones into GPS Systems. 16 Jan 2002. < http://www.pcworld.com/news/article/0,aid,80085,00.asp>
Jane Rogers the financial manager at Plants Inc. a landscaping business in Chicago concurs that employers should ethically implement the use of GPS tracking in their companies. Rogers uses GPS to track and monitor outfield workers during working hours and argues that it increases efficiency and promotes confidence in prompt services to clients. Rogers supports the need for restrictive and regulative legislation in GPS tracking to create parameters within which employers can operate and be held accountable. She points out that she passively tracks employees during working hours and only resorts to active monitoring of employees after she has received complaints from clients. Rogers also states that she reminds her employees to turn-off their
Mary Babb was in her SUV last year when her estranged husband slammed into her with his pickup truck. The crash overturned Babb’s vehicle and left her suspended upside-down by her seat belt. As she hung there helplessly, Thomas Babb fired two rounds from a shotgun, killing his wife in front of horrified witnesses outside the office where she worked. Babb had filed for divorce and moved out just before her death. She changed jobs and obtained a court order protecting her from her husband. But he kept following her. According to her family, she did everything the law provided her, and it wasn’t enough. These are just two examples of convicted offenders and that sometimes the law is just not enough. In 1995, Iowa passed the Iowa Sex Offender Registry Law. Any person convicted of a criminal offense against a minor with a sexual element, an aggravated offense with a sexual element, a sexually violent offense, or any other relevant offense in Iowa, or in any other state, or in any federal, military, tribal, or foreign court, must register as a sex offender. As of August 1st 2005, there were 6,004 people on the sex offender registry. A person who is required to register as a sex offender and whose underlying criminal offense was committed against a minor is prohibited from residing within 2,000 feet of the real property comprising a public or non-public elementary or secondary school or a child care facility. A sex offender who resides within 2,000 feet of a public or non-public school or child care facility commits an aggravated misdemeanor. BUT, an offender who had an established residence prior to July 1, 2002, resides within 2,000 feet of a newly established school or child care facility does not violate the restriction (Iowa - A Taliban State). So, you could have a twice convicted sex offender living next to you and your family. What good is the law then? Since this new law came into effect, registered sex offenders have became less and less. Not because they’re not committing the crimes, but because they’re not registering. Out of the 6,000 offenders in Iowa, over 500 of them are listed as “unconfirmed whereabouts.” It has forced many of the offenders to become homeless, or sleeping in their cars or trucks (Davey). National surveys have shown that about one-fourth of all sex offenders who are on the streets have moved, failed to report new addresses to police and eluded detection.
Christopher Columbus was known as a “dead reckoning navigator”[2]. Dead Reckoning Navigation, or also known as Deduced Navigation, was used by an umpteen of sailors. In Dead Reckoning Navigation the helmsman can find his locus by measuring the distance he has sailed to a known point. Each day, the ending position was the starting point for the next day. However, this method is not as elementary as it sounds. In order for this tactic to work, the helmsman needs to measure his course and distance sailed. Therefore, a course is measured by a magnetic compass, and distance with a time and speed calculation. One can conclude then that this was a nettlesome process. Of course, since then humans have immensely improved in this area. Today, there is a way to know where one is at while at sea that is much less problematic.
In 2010, Google broadcasted that they created an archetype of a car that can drive itself; its purpose, to avert collisions, allow citizens more time, and cut down on harmful pollutants that vehicles produce (Poczter & Jankovic, 2014). The heart of the self-driving automobile is lasers that are mounted on the roof of a modified Toyota Prius that produces a precise three-dimensional atlas of the area surrounding the car. Furthermore, the automobile is outfitted with four radars, and another laser around the vehicle that allows it to precisely create a 3-D map of its surroundings (Poczter & Jankovic, 2014). The vehicle calculates the laser dimensions with high-resolution maps of the globe, which allows it to drive itself without human intervention, while evading obstacles and obeying traffic laws (How Google’s self-Driving Car Works, 2011).
The system often hid from the public to protect them. A GPS is a signal to receive, navigate or track a position a speed. The GPS may often be used onto satellites that can support more than twenty in the orbit. The rockets make use the GPS to be found once it approaches its destination or even give a message to a location. NASA is prepared for the next big leap in humanity “Nuclear fusion rockets.” This future idea will open up the solar system and gives a bigger opportunity in human exploration. This will also improve the speed for launching to another planet and even the closest planet is extremely for with Venus at 25,476,219 miles! Now a days researches argue that there may be life on Mars. Astronauts that have been often do report on things they observe in space. If there really is life on mars as told by NASA “Impactite, shown to preserve signs of life on Earth, was discovered on mass and could contain signs of ancient life, if life ever excited on the planet. “This could change the future for humanity forever, this all started with simple mind of curious man. Imagen what future generations will accomplish while creating new technology’s In addition to satellites, GPS systems, GPS trackers. If the rocket improves then more will be found in
...regarded GPS – an indispensable part of GIS. Discussions on cartographic principles, commercial GIS software programs, satellite images, aerial photos, and geodatabases are some of the other conspicuous omissions in this book. There is an inconsistency in the depth of topics explored; for example map projections are explored in great depth, while vector topology is merely glossed over. These omissions and inconsistencies would in my opinion make this book marginally less beneficial to all the three audiences together. However, there is something for all them; structure for engineers, equations for engineers and students, and GIS concepts for students, engineers and users. This book will therefore be undeniably valuable if used to complement the material in some of the other fundamental GIS books in the discipline. It has merits, but there is room for improvement.
Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) has access to many traditional and non-traditional dynamic elements that provide superior capabilities to collect and monitor visual, seismic, and acoustic signatures of motorized vehicles. SIGINT is the only system that can be operational and maintainable in any type of climate and terrain, which provides an advantage over the United States’ (U.S.) adversaries. The process of obtaining the intelligence starts with the collection of any type of signal, whether it be infrared, electro-optical, or electronic. After the signals are collected, analysts encounter the tasks of cryptanalysis, transcription, traffic analysis, and translations of the enemy information systems; analyst then determine size, location, distance, and terrain features. The data is usually processed in overlays and graphic displays within the United States. End products are then populated into National databases for the use of the Intelligence Community. The increasing utilization of computers, the internet, satellites, sophisticated encryption, and cellular telephones have streamlined effective and accurate Human Intelligence (HUMINT); implementation of Signals Intelligence has became an important role to maintain superiority over adversaries.
The Pros and Cons of Tracking Devices. What is this world coming to? When most of us think of tracking devices, they think of primarily negative issues. But that has all changed now.
Modern internet technology is introduced into new vehicles as a safety feature. One recent idea is having connectivity between vehicles. Ankeeta Patel of Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology presents the
A beacon is a device designed to obtain information of a specific location. Important information such as the status of an airport based on the colour and rotational pattern of its airport beacon as well as weather information as indicated by weather beacon on top of a high building can be obtained by combining beacons with semaphoric indicators. Also, when used in such fashion, beacons can be considered a form of optical telegraphy.
TVS and telephones are using satellites, and I thought it would be a good idea
Computers are used at traffic stops. The officer can find the vehicle identification number (VIN) and calls the number in to the secretary and the secretary lets the responding officer know whether or not the vehicle belongs to the driver of the car, to make sure the vehicle isn’t stolen. If the car is stolen the officer car arrest the person right then.
There was a time a person would use a roadmap to get from one location to another. Some also would stop and ask for directions. Today, you seldom see paper maps and people stopping at a local gas station for directions. Many vehicles come with a navigation system that provides a real-time map of the vehicle’s current location as well as systematic directions to requested destination.
A satellite is defined as an object that orbits or revolves around another object. In basic terms, this relationship is due to the gravitational pull of the larger object while the smaller one has enough velocity and momentum to circle the larger one (Fitzgerald &Dennis). This is a good definition if one is only speaking of the broad principles of why and how objects attract one another and where in nature this occurs. The billions of stars and planets together make up a vast network of orbiting objects that each can rightfully be called satellites. By studying the way the Universe and Solar System works, scientists have been able to send man made devices into earth's orbit to serve the needs of a technologically developing world.