The Impact of ISPs on the Architecture of the Internet
The Internet was started over three decades ago as a US government sponsored project. The Internet originally connected several universities and the government; it eventually grew to include some private companies/research labs. As such, the initial users of the Internet were scientists/technologists who were well versed in the workings of the network (and who did not have the malicious intents of modern hackers). The motivation of the Internet at this time was to provide a robust nationwide communication network and to allow for the sharing of scientific research/resources around the nation1. The original architecture of the Internet is often described as an end-to-end architecture. The end-to-end architecture is a decentralized one in which a “mechanism should not be placed in the network if it can be placed at the end node” 2. This type of design keeps the core of the network simple and generic.
Since that time, however, the scale of the Internet has grown exponentially. It became increasingly difficult for a government-sponsored network to scale to such sizes, so the government gradually turned the network over to the private sector. Since the government is no longer responsible for access to the Internet, private companies – Internet Service Providers (ISPs) – have emerged to provide access to this vast network. These ISPs, of course, are private companies whose principal goal is to make a profit – a radical contrast to the goal of the original ISP, the US government. The rise of ISPs as dominant players in today’s Internet has been a catalyst for a more centralized network that is shifting away from the original end to end design; this change has been a negative one for it has hurt the most important group associated with the Internet – the end users.
One of the most fundamental changes from the early days of the Internet to today has been the shift to privatization. It is the profit-making end of ISPs that drives their actions and it is in this interest that ISPs are attempting to move the Internet away from its end-to-end beginnings. In order to make a profit, ISPs must first attract a sizeable number of customers to buy their service and then obtain a significant profit for the services they provide. In the free market economy, ISPs must compete with one another for customers; to be competitive in this market, ISPs must have some attractive feature to offer customers: low prices, unlimited connection hours, high speed access, or some other attractive service that is unique to that particular ISP.
Although the net neutrality debate didn’t come into the spot light so long ago, it has sparked controversy in the communications world. This concept provides a positive impact to the consumers, competition and network owners/internet service providers. It broadens the aspect of equality, which the open Internet was first based on. The profound effects on the aforementioned players provide a supported purpose to regulate the notion of net neutrality.
All around the world there are thousands even millions of children who are waiting to be adopted. Many who are troubled children, and for that reason they are from foster home to foster home. The ideal American "family" is with a man and a woman. In the United States we have same-sex couples who are wanting to adopt, but they are being turned down due to their sexual preference. Same-sex relationships are much more stable than the average heterosexual relationship. Having a stable relationship ensures an emotionally steady home for a foster child. “Good parenting is not influenced by sexual orientation. Rather, it is influenced most profoundly by a parent’s ability to create a loving and nurturing home” (“LGBT Adoption”). Same-sex couples are more likely to adopt “hard to place” children with challenging behavior or disabilities.
Many people say that a child needs a mother and father figure to be raised right and to provide both viewpoints of gender. Some other people believe that gender does not matter when parenting. Society needs to set aside its differences and do what is best for the thousands of kids that are without a loving family. Denying these kids a home just because two individuals of the same sex love each other is injustice. Many people fear that children adopted by gay and lesbian couples do less well in life, these people are completely unfounded. The Independent website states that gay and les...
Blumenthal, Marjory S., and David D. Clark. "Rethinking the design of the Internet: the end-to-end arguments vs. the brave new world." ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)1.1 (2001): 70-109.
In August 1963, “I Have a Dream” speech was delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to over two hundred thousand African Americans. His motive was to get African Americans their freedom. The oratorical style of his speech has aggression shown in some parts during the speech, uses a great amount of literary devices, and emphasizes certain topics and ideas that he conveys. The oratorical style of the speech gives us a sense of what the main point is. He wanted to prove a point how freedom is their natural right. Everyone deserves the same rights and no one should be underestimated.
Throughout the years gay adoption has been an argumentative topic on whether it is right to allow it or not. Gays and lesbians should have the same rights as heterosexuals to be treated equally no matter who or what they love. A family that consists of a mother, father, and children should have the same ability to adopt as well as a family with gay parents. If heterosexual families are able to adopt, then there should be no problem for gays and lesbians adopting children because parents who choose same-sex partners should be treated as a “typical” couple should be treated, also gays and lesbians should be not discriminated against and same-sex couples are able to provide any child with food and shelter just like a heterosexual family can do.
Today, the importance of physical fitness is recognized as an essential component to a healthy, active lifestyle and should be a priority in most people’s lives. It should not be surprising that physical fitness and exercise improve long term health. It has been proven that the rewards of exercising, strength training and cardiovascular exercise can improve the quality of a person’s life in many ways. Living a long, healthy lifestyle without disease and obesity should be a goal for everyone. When fit, both physically and mentally, a person is more confident, alert and aware when physically fit. Being physically fit and continued exercise has a direct impact on job performance and reduces daily stress.
Exercising is very important to a person’s health. Exercising can decrease risks for getting diseases and you can be healthier overall from exercising. Another reason to exercise is because when you exercise it can benefit your brain and improve your memory. Many studies have been conducted to prove exercise is good for the mind and the body. “People who exercise regularly are 50% less likely to develop dementia.” (Postal, Karen. Think Better: Exercise.)
An interesting historical paradox is that, although the Internet has U.S. Defense Department origins, it is scarcely perceived as a public utility by most users anymore. (Abrahamson, JMQC vol 75, no 1, p. 16) Public reaction to the specific and continuing privatization of the Internet has been anything but an organized protest. Greater portions of it have, in name as well as effect, become privatized by larger corporations. This includes Microsoft, the largest player in the nation’s information technology marketplace. This conglomerate is widely recognized as a commercial enterprise with well-documented monopolistic tendencies.
The internet that society knows today, was once a very small concept that only a few people could grasp. It started out very small, but over time it grew to become so popular among people, that it became a household term. Computers were becoming more conventional and many more people started being able to afford them. There was a major growth of internet users across the world. Due to the demand of technology being used, the internet had created a new way to perform simple tasks and go about activities. It had initiated a ...
The history of the internet shows that the internet is not a new medium. The internet was initially created in the 1960's to as a way for the United States to stay connected in case of a nuclear fallout due to the possible consequences of the Cold War. F...
The Internet is a global network connecting millions of personal, institutional and company computers. The number of computers used by the internet is growing rapidly. The United States is connected with over 100 countries worldwide and linked together to exchange of data, news and opinions. The Internet is decentralized design. This means that there isn't just one computer that stores all of the information from the Internet. There are many independent host servers located throughout the US and the world that store the information made available to the global Internet community.
Term Paper: The History of the Internet The Internet began like most things in our society, that is to say that the government started it. The Internet started out as an experimental military network in the 1960s. Doug Engelbart prototypes an "Online System" (NLS) which does hypertext browsing, editing, email, and so on. The Internet is a worldwide broadcasting resource used for distributing information and a source for interaction between people on their computers. In 1973, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds.
This is an important area of health because regular physical activity keeps your body functioning properly. If you perform sufficient physical activity, you can manage your body weight better, reduce your risk of heart attacks, diabetes, some cancers, high blood pressure, have stronger bones, joint and muscles while feeling energetic, happy, relaxed and sleep better.
The Internet has become a key ingredient of strenuous and busy lifestyle. ‘Internet’ has become the central-hub for communication, explorations, connecting with people or for official purposes. Resultantly, Internet growth has led to a plethora of new developments, such as decreased margins for companies as consumers turn more and more to the internet to buy goods and demand the best prices.