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Meiosis quizlet
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Meiosis is specialized cellular division of sex cells. This type of cellular division occurs in single and multi-cellular organisms that undergo sexual reproduction. This process is split into two cycles: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Prior to the start of meiosis, interphase occurs. Although interphase is not a stage of meiosis it is a vital preparatory step. It allows cellular growth, DNA replication and prepares for cellular division. Each cycle of meiosis is broken down into four stages for a total of eight stages. Meiosis I is composed of prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. Meiosis II is a repeat of each phase of meiosis I. Once meiosis is complete, the result will be four haploid daughter cells meaning that each daughter …show more content…
One chromosome has been donated from each parent cell in order to create a homologous chromosome pair. These chromosomes have identical lengths and gene placement but can contain different alleles. When homologous chromosomes attach at the centromere they create a tetrad, which is defined as a pair of sister chromatids. Once the sister chromatids are attached, the non-sister chromatids participate in crossing over. Crossing over is the transfer of genetic information in order to create greater genetic variability. In metaphase I, the centromere of each tetrad attaches to spindle fibers. These spindle fibers slowly shift the tetrads position to the center of the cell until they are side by side. Immediately after they line up, homologous chromosomes are separated by microtubules called kinetochore fibers that are used to pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell. Once the sister chromatids are on opposite poles of the cell, anaphase I is complete and the cytoplasm of the cell begins to separate. This is known as cytokinesis and occurs during telophase. Once meiosis I is complete, meiosis II begins and repeats each step, however, instead of two haploid cells there will be a total of …show more content…
This can result in single gene disorders that may or may not be life threatening depending on the mutation. For example, the Maple Syrup Urine Disorder, or MSUD, is a potentially fatal disease that disables the body from breaking down valine, leucine and isoleucine. These three amino acids are used to build proteins and are eventually broken down by branched –chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD). Individuals who are affected by MSUD have a mutation that lack one of the six proteins that assist in the breakdown of the three amino acids. As a result, increased levels of valine, leucine and isoleucine end up in the blood stream and cause degradation of brain cells. In order for the disease to be inherited the child must obtain an altered gene from each parent, which makes MSUD an autosomal recessive
Genetic disorders can be caused by many of the 46 chromosomes in human cells. This specific disorder is linked to a mutation in the long arm of the X, or 23rd chromosome. The mutation is recessive, meaning a normal X chromosome can hide it. Females have two X chromosomes allowing them to hide the mutated recessive one, making them a carrier of the gene, while males only have one X chromosome, meaning that they are unable to hide the mutation and they become effected by the disease. Therefore if a male carries the gene, he is affected because he has no way of dominating the recessive gene, but if a female carries it, she is only a carrier and has a 50/50 chance of passing it on to her baby. This may seem like a high probability however, only one in every fifty thousand male births will have this immunodeficiency disease.
A genetic disorder is a sickness caused by one or many abnormalities or absentees in the genes or chromosomes. One interesting genetic disorder such as cancer, are found genetic but, can also be caused and affected by many by environmental factors such as being exposed to asbestos which may increase the risk of lung cancer and many other cancers. While on the other hand most disorders like Williams Syndrome are genetic and are primarily rare and only affect a limited amount of people about one in every several thousand. Because it is a genetic disorder that is estimated between 1 in 10,000 people worldwide, primarily caused by a micro-deletion on the seventh chromosome is what indicates the disorder being Williams Syndrome.
Each cell contains the same genetic code as the parent cell, it is able to do this because it has copied it’s own chromosomes prior to cell death. division. The. Meiosis consists of two divisions whilst mitosis is followed. in one division; both these processes involve the stages of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
The process of mitosis can take place in either a haploid (23 chromosomes) or a diploid (46 chromosomes) cell. Before a cell can be ready for a mitotic division it must primarily undergo its interphase stage. Following the interphase stage several other stages come into play. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During each specific stage certain sequences of events take place that assist to the completion of the division.
It is important to note that genes themselves do not cause disease genetic disorders are caused by mutations that make a gene function improperly. For example, when people say that someone has the cystic fibrosis gene, they are usually referring to a mutated version of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator gene, which causes the disease. All people, including those without cystic fibrosis, have a version of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator gene.
Cell division is extremely important; cells must divide in order to maintain an efficient volume to surface area ratio, allow organisms to grow and develop, and repair any damaged tissue. Cells are able to do all this through two processes: meiosis and mitosis. Without these processes, humans would not be able to do many of the basic functions we are so accustomed to, including growing, healing even the smallest cuts, and even reproducing! However, meiosis and mitosis, although both procedures for cell division, are very different.
Meiosis is a kind of cell division that is the key for sexual reproduction to operate contrary to mitosis, a form of asexual reproduction that serves the purpose of growth, repair, and regeneration of cells. Due to the fact that meiosis produces four non-identical haploid daughter cells, it is of vital importance so to allow variation in a population that provides the foundation for evolution, as it permits a species to adapt to changes in their environment. As I briefly mentioned before, meiosis is separated into two stages – meiosis I and II. These stages are further chara...
This brings us to metaphase II. In this stage the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate in the cell's center waiting to be pulled to the other side. Anaphase II consists of the sister chromatids and chromosomes separate. The spindles will pull the sister chromatids to the opposite pole. Lastly comes telophase II where the nuclei from at both poles and the spindles start to break down and the nuclear membrane start to form. Lastly is cytokinesis that separates these two cells to four haploid cells that contain half the genetic material. The end product is four cell that have each twenty-three chromosomes and chromatids. This only happens in the gametes or sex cells that are eukaryotic because it must a have membrane-bound nucleus. Meiosis is important because this keeps our species going, and makes us not to be extinct. Without this we wouldn't be able reproduce because when a sperm comes to fertilize an egg they combine to have a full forty-six chromosome cell that will go through the process of maturing to be a zygote and then an embryo. Meiosis occurs when a germ or gamete goes through interphase and then the process of meiosis I and
A chromosome is made up of two identical structures called chromatids. The process of nuclear division is called interphase; each DNA molecule in a nucleus makes an identical copy of itself. Each copy is contained in the chromatid and a characteristic narrow region called the centromere holds the two chromatids together. The centromere can be found anywhere along a chromosome but the position is the characteristic for a particular chromosome. Each Chromatid contains one DNA molecule. DNA is the molecule of inheritance and is made up of a series of genes. The fact that the two DNA molecules in the sister chromatids, and hence their genes, are identical is the key to precise nuclear division.
The differences between the two phases of meiosis are that in meiosis I, while the cell undergoes the phases, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I, it causes the cell to divide into two with each of the cells having a double stranded chromosome. But in meiosis II, it is just the division of the the cells from meiosis I. The ending result being that four haploid daughter
Meiosis is when each daughter cell ends up with exactly half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, one of each. type, which is known as the haploid state. Meiosis is associated with sexual reproduction and generally takes place in the formation of gametes or in some cases spores. Asexual reproduction is the process of one individual organism. producing one or more new individuals.
The cell cycle is an ordered set of events, culminating in cell growth and division into two daughter cells. There are different stages to the cell cycle such as mitosis and meiosis. During, the course of this paper I will explain, what causes a cell to divide, whether cells rapidly grow constantly, how easy it is to grow cell in culture, and what cells holds the liver together.
The Ashram’s develop self-fulfillment, spiritual culture and completion to one-self in the Hindu religion. In ancient Hinduism, the human life is divided into four stages; the Brahmacarya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, and Sanyasa. Each stage is known as an ashrama and is a part of the Ashram system. Ashram, meaning “a place of spiritual shelter”# can be viewed as a religious journey in which each Hindu must go through to gain spirituality. Typically, the males were the ones who went through the four stages of ashram. In order to fully experience a stage of ashram, one must achieve self-realization. “The individual must go through severe training and disciplines to develop a spirit of self-detachment in the four stages of life- or the four Ashramas. # The Ashram system was instilled in Vedic society in order to guide the life of man to reach fulfillment. It was the Dharma, meaning the righteous duty, of one to reach this fulfillment in life.
Meiosis is a specialized form of nuclear division in which there two successive nuclear divisions (meiosis I and II) without any chromosome replication between them. Each division can be divided into 4 phases similar to those of mitosis (pro-, meta-, ana- and telophase). Meiosis occurs during the formation of gametes in animals.
Once the sperm fuses with the ovum both chromosomes will pair up and begin the first stages of cell division.