What is the main processes of standardization? There is four main processes for standardization , First Codification developing and standardizing a standard for a language. All this take place through dictionaries , printing and education , this need the lowering of internal variability in the chosen variety and put norms of grammatical usage and vocabulary .The selected variety was codified in grammar books and dictionaries. Second Selection of on variety and one language , the selection of the language spoken by the kings and powerful people .The modification of the dialect of the South-East Midlands as the National Language of all England was a political requirement for the national aim .Third Elaboration that to be sure that the new …show more content…
This descriptive dictionaries characterize the language ,they have words that are commonly used if they are nonstandard , also they have nonstandard spellings .On the other hand , Prescriptive dictionaries resort to be anxious about standard English or correct ,they determine suitable usage and spellings of words .All today English dictionaries is descriptive .The dictionaries today are mixture of descriptive and prescriptive .Authors of sixteenth century such as John Hart select to characterize the pronunciation of educated speakers in and all London ,and also at this stage there was no try to force a standard pronunciation. In the late 18th century, the codification of pronunciation star, when Thomas Sheridan and John Walker produced obvious guides to correct pronunciation in the shape of pronouncing dictionaries. Walker was efficacious in setting standards for correct pronunciation. Many authors show the view that unity of language would raise the unity of the nation, English become a national language in Great Britain .The nineteenth century saw the beginning of descriptive linguistics but also brought a
As the English language was beginning to develop, words were being borrowed from the French, Latin, and Scandinavian. Majority of the words used in the diary entry are words from each of these countries. For example, the lexis ‘Admerall’ was of a French origin. The lexis ‘gunnes’ was of a Scandinavian orgin and finally the lexis ‘nobull’ was of a Latin origin. All these words are commonly used in Present Day English, however, the spelling of the words are dissimilar. Large-scale borrowing of new words often had serious consequences for the meanings and the stylistic register of those words, but, various new stylistic layers emerged in the lexicon, which could be employed for a variety of different
The article “The Ideal English Major” is written by Mark Edmundson a professor of English at the University of Virginia; Mark defends the argument that majoring in English is the best choice for college students. He goes on to say that majoring in English is majoring in being a human being. English majors are more open to experiences and reach out to reading and writing to live other life’s other than their own. Mark explains why majoring in English is so important to a person’s life. English majors aren’t like others; they live non-like anyone else. English majors learn to use language to help contribute to the English race and to further their own life.
Languages are continually changing and developing, and these changes occur in many different ways and for a variety of reasons. Language change is detectable to some extent in all languages, and ‘similar paths of change’ can be recognised in numerous unrelated languages (Bybee, 2015, p. 139). Since users of language all over the world have ‘the same mental processes’ and ‘use communication for the same or very similar ends’ (Bybee, 2015, p. 1), similar changes occur on the same linguistic aspects, and in many cases these changes produce similar results in multiple languages. However, language change is limited by the function it performs. Languages must be learnt to such an extent which allows communication between the generation above and below one’s own (McMahon, 1994, p. 5). Hence language change is a gradual, lethargic process, as only small changes in
Moreover, the topics discussed acquire credibility as well if having a culturally accepted pronunciation. The question however, refers to whether or not the effect of the particular pronunciation has had a sustained effect on the British Society. The concept of cultural hegemony reflects the situation as social norms transcend from the hierarchy in regards to social classes, therefore having the aristocracy as the sole model for language. As a result, both pronunciation and grammar are established socially, by the elite.
In Johnson’s preface to A Dictionary of the English Language, Johnson argues the importance of preserving language. Other dialects had a produced their own dictionaries, such as the French and Italians. Various writers of the eighteenth century were alarmed at the fact that there was no standard for the English language, since there was no standard it could easily become extinct. Johnson explored many points, such as how and why languages change as well as how many words are formed.
Garner’s A Dictionary of Modern American Usage for its “Democratic Spirit.” Garner was able to compose a work that is both authoritative and clear in determinations of correct and incorrect English usage while undercutting his tone as a SNOOT. The problem Wallace has with English is that there are two kinds of English. They are separated into prescriptivism and descriptivism. Prescriptivism is the belief that there should be an authoritative set of guidelines as to what is correct and incorrect in the English language. Prescriptivists are viewed as elitist, classist, and even racist. Descriptivism on the other is different in that people reject the idea of an authoritative set of guidelines as to what is correct and incorrect in the English language. Descriptivists believe that as long as everyone understands each other, it’s less important to worry about the grammatical aspect of the English sentence. Now, going back to Wallace’s review on A Dictionary of Modern American Usage, a descriptivist would say that the purpose of the lexicographer is to observe and record language from a scientific perspective and objectively. Descriptivists believe in adapting to the group of listeners and being accepted. The idea of adapting and being accepted is true for most of us today, as well and it would seem to make most sense. False. Wallace’s key argument in his essay is that prescriptivism is
The English language has evolved remarkably. The Great Vowel Shift between 1400 and 1700 shows a great discontinuity in pronunciation alone. Different attitudes towards language reached a height during the 17th and 18th Centuries with Prescriptivists such as Defoe, Swift and Louth. Prescriptivists believe that there is an approach which sets out rules for what is regarded as correct in language. Some prescriptivist rules for English include not splitting infinitives, resulting in sentences such as 'to go boldly where no man has gone before', rather than 'to boldly go'.
Standardization refers to the process by which a language has been codified in some way (Wardhaugh and Fuller, n.d. 2010: p31). It involves four stages; selection of norms, codification of form, elaboration of function, and implementation by the speech community. Standardization is concerned with codification as a linguistic form. According to Einar Haugen; codification leads to 'minimal variation in form' (Stein & Tieken-Boon van Ostade, n.d. 1994: p160), therefore it reinforces a certain variety which has been selected and accepted.
Analyzing dialects can be difficult due to the fact that is it hard to transcribe the pronunciation of an individual dialect because English is not spelled the same way it is pronounced. Furthermore, one person’s interpretation of spelling a dialect might not match up with another’s, so the reader might not “hear” the dialect properly. Regardless, written versions of dialects are essential to discussing dialectical differences.
In a sociolinguist perspective “the idea of a spoken standardized language is a hypothetical construct” (Lippi-Green, 2012, pp. 57). They are the form of Britain English and American English that are used in textbooks and on broadcasting. Giles and Coupland observe that “A standard variety is the one that is most often associated with high socioeconomic status, power and media usage in a particular community” (1991, p. 38). Both native speakers and learners of English, where English is taught as a second or foreign language (hereafter ESL/EFL), speak dialect of English in everyday conversation (Kachru, 2006, pp. 10-11; Owens 2012, p.
These days the world has become one village (Atcham, 1962). It is easy to communicate with any person, company no matter where their locality is and at any time in the many linguistic and it can be relating financials, politics, and culture. For instance, make directly contact to others through internet using international language.
The settlement of the British Isles by north Europeans followed by Norman French paints the backdrop to this essay which will focus on the period between the early 15th and 17th centuries, when a 'standard' English evolved. It will show that modern-day English is very different to that first introduced to the British Isles, but by identifying changes through time, its continuity can be demonstrated. Finally, it will suggest that present day English is in a position analogous to that which existed before the Norman invasion, when there were many varieties and dialects, and that this may lead to its decline as a global language, due to decreasing intelligibility.
The rules for spelling were set down for the first time. The key is the new consistency used by teachers, printers and eventually by the general populace. The sign of maturity for English was the agreement on one set of rules replacing the free-for-all spelling that had existed. Out of the variety of local dialects there emerged toward the end of the fourteenth century a written language that in course of the fifteenth century won general recognition and has since become the recognized standard in speech and writing. The part of England that contributed most to the formation of this standard was the East Midlands type of English that became its basis, particularly the dialect of the metropolis, London.
Have you ever wondered where the names of the different items you use daily came from? Or listened to people talk and find a particular word interesting or odd and wonder why it has become part of our English language? The English language that we speak today has developed as a result of many different influences and changes over thousands of years. The resulting changes to the English language can be split into three time periods that include, Old English or Anglo-Saxon, Middle English and Modern English which is commonly used today
Baugh, A.C., & Cable, T. (2001). A history of the English language (5th ed.). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.