Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Law of thermodynamics
Research paper of diesel engine
Law of conservation of energy essay
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Law of thermodynamics
1st Law of Thermodynamics - The first Law is related to conservation of energy in simple words it explains that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed it can be converted from one form to other. Law of thermodynamics defines relations between physical quantities i.e. temperature, energy, and entropy. The relation of these physical quantities can be given in different ways relating with Work, Internal Energy of a system [1].
Applications of 1st law of thermodynamics:
Heat Engine – Heat engines are designed on the basic of 1st Law, it is an idealization of a set of processes used by spark ignition internal combustion engines. The engines ingest a mixture of fuel and air, which is then compressed by a piston cylinder arrangement, which causes fuel it to react, thus effectively adding heat through converting chemical energy into thermal energy, that leads to expansion of the combustion products, and then eject the combustion products and replace them with a new charge of fuel and air. Therefore chemical reaction is converted into rotational motion along with heat is released into the environment [3].
Refrigerators - The second main application of 1st Law in which the objective of a refrigerator is to lower the internal energy of a body at low temperature and transfer that energy to the higher temperature surroundings [3]. It requires work to do this. The medium for the energy exchange is a working fluid that circulates in a loop through a number of devices. These devices exploit to increase and eliminate energy from the working fluid. As the refrigerant circulates around the loop, its internal energy is alternately raised and lowered by a series of device.
Turbine- Turbine engines, are most widely used for jet propulsion and f...
... middle of paper ...
...es upwards and removes all the exhaust gases inside the cylinder at constant pressure.
Carnot Cycle - Carnot’s cycle shows that heat is absorbed from the high temperature reservoir and rejected at low temperature reservoir that can be said as foundation to second law of thermodynamics. The law states that the regular movement of heat is from high temperature tank to low temperature tank, and to move it from low temperature reservoir to high temperature reservoir external work has to be done [1].
Diesel Engine - The Diesel Engine is an application of 2nd law of thermodynamics. It is similar to the Otto cycle, the fuel used is different which makes working of the engine different, thought output is rotational motion .the compression ratio is much high as compared to any other as no spark plug is used only adiabatic compression ration leads to burning of fuel [4].
Thermodynamics is essentially how heat energy transfers from one substance to another. In “Joe Science vs. the Water Heater,” the temperature of water in a water heater must be found without measuring the water directly from the water heater. This problem was translated to the lab by providing heated water, fish bowl thermometers, styrofoam cups, and all other instruments found in the lab. The thermometer only reaches 45 degrees celsius; therefore, thermodynamic equations need to be applied in order to find the original temperature of the hot water. We also had access to deionized water that was approximately room temperature.
Whereby, early magnetic coolers were used to achieve extreme cryogenic temperatures [11]. This magnetic cycle is equivalent to the Carnot cycle for vapor compression systems, shown in Fig.(1.8).
Hess’s Law is also an important concept in this lab. It states that the enthalpy of a reaction is independent of the steps it takes to go from reactant to a product. It happens because enthalpy is a state function. A state function depends on the initial and final state but not the actual process. The Hess’s Law is used to calculate the heat formation of Magnesium Oxide. The amount of heat necessary to create one more mole of a substance is called the Enthalpy of Formation.
When there is a heat exchange between two objects, the object’s temperature will change. The rate at which this change will occur happens according to Newton’s Law of heating and cooling. This law states the rate of temperature change is directly proportional between the two objects. The data in this lab will exhibit that an object will stay in a state of temperature equilibrium, unless the object comes in contact with another object of a different temperature. Newton’s Law of Heat and Cooling can be understood by using this formula:
Another result of the second law of thermodynamics is that spontaneous changes are always accompanied by a dispersal of energy into a more disordered form.
The first law of thermodynamics simply states that heat is a form of energy and heat energy cannot be created nor destroyed. In this lab we were measuring the change in temperature and how it affected the enthalpy of the reaction.
Refrigeration Refrigeration is defined as “The process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from a substance, to lower its pressure.” (First website given in bibliography) In simpler terms, it is removing heat from states of matter in order to keep them cooler. The basic need for refrigeration is to cool food and beverages, as they often get spoilt if the temperature is high. Before actual refrigerators and other such mechanical systems were introduced, it was very common for people to cool their food with ice and snow.
knowledge of the system could manipulate the system in a way to avoid the second law of thermodynamics. This has also been supported by other experiments, such as the Szilard engine experiment (Parrondo). Furthermore, in class we have learned information on entropy that can help to understand this situation. For example, the entropy of a system where it always increases is known as the coarse entropy is when the system is not well understood, and if all the variables are known, the entropy would be zero. This is because the entropy changes depending on how much information is known about the system, with a lower entropy the more of the information is known. Some of the information that could be known include temperature and pressure, or the position of all the molecules and their velocities and accelerations; the second set of information is a lot more detailed than the first, so there are fewer possibilities that could fulfill the requirements (woods).
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that “when two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, the first two systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other.” (Drake P.1). The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equivalent to the total work done by the system subtracted from the total heat transfer into the system. This law is represented by the equation The variable represents the change in internal energy of the system, represents the total heat transferred into the system, and represents the total work done by the system. The second law states that heat flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions but never in the reverse direction. It also states that the total entropy can never decrease over time for an isolated system; it will always increase over time. Additionally, the changes in entropy in the universe can never be negative. The third law states that “the entropy of a perfect crystal of an element in its most stable form tends to zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.” (Drake P.1). Thermodynamics developed quickly throughout the 19th century because of the need to improve steam engines and how they worked. The thermodynamics laws can be applied to “all physical and biological systems” (Drake P.1). These laws of thermodynamics are able to give people an explanation about a variety of changes in the energy of a system, along with its
For over a century people have relied on automobiles, planes and trains as means of transportation, industry and agriculture, it has become such a successful necessity in the modern world that it has become a need for people to use them to get by. Now sure the three basic means of transportation are entirely different in the way the function and their use. All of these means of transportation would not be possible without this invention transportation could not be possible, The Internal Combustion Engine. You might be wondering what is exactly is an Internal Combustion Engine? It’s actually a simple concept but the way it’s performed can becoming very complex. The function of is to create a pulling force through a controlled explosion of compressed air and fuel inside a combustion chamber which then pulls a crank. Depending on what type of platform the engine is on will determine what the crank turns, for an example in a car the crank then turns either a front or rear axle which that axle transversely turns a wheel. In order for this engine to function in needs three elements - air, fuel and spark and without one of these elements the engine will not function, so it takes precise timing and careful planning by the Engineers to make the engine work as required.
Thermodynamics is the branch of science concerned with the nature of heat and its conversion to any form of energy. In thermodynamics, both the thermodynamic system and its environment are considered. A thermodynamic system, in general, is defined by its volume, pressure, temperature, and chemical make-up. In general, the environment will contain heat sources with unlimited heat capacity allowing it to give and receive heat without changing its temperature. Whenever the conditions change, the thermodynamic system will respond by changing its state; the temperature, volume, pressure, or chemical make-up will adjust accordingly in order to reach its original state of equilibrium. There are three laws of thermodynamics in which the changing system can follow in order to return to equilibrium.
The internal combustion engine has become an integral part of the lives of every person on earth. They’re the devices that have allowed us to cross continents reliably, generate electricity in remote areas and fly around the world in a matter of hours. All these engines do is burn fuel and convert its energy into work. It’s these heat engines that have really changed the world. However the convenience they bring has come at a great cost. The major problem with the internal combustion engine is the environmental damage it has caused. It is only now we are beginning to realise the full extent of this damage.
The first law of thermodynamics is that heat is work and work is heat. Energy can’t be created or destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another form. First law of thermodynamics would be eating food. Humans turn food into chemical energy and humans need that energy to keep functioning. The second law of thermodynamics is heat can only transfer to colder objects not hotter objects. An example would be ice melting in a cooler. The coldness from the ice doesn’t leave the cooler, instead the heat transfers into the cooler to melt the ice. The third law is that the work or energy put in is equal to the work out plus heat. Some heat energy will always be wasted, such as a computer giving off heat. Using the first law, when the energy is transferred from one form to another, there will always be wasted heat because of the second law. This is because the energy is converted from a useful form to a less useful form. The less useful form is heat.
A steam engine is an external combustion that converts heat energy, in the form of steam, into mechanical energy. Steam is generated through combustion of a fuel, i.e. Coal, heating a boiler filled with water, which evaporates to produce steam that expands do drive a piston connected to a flywheel in a rotary motion. The flywheel then transmits energy created to a crankshaft which is used to provide power to machines, such as locomotives, fluid pumps, and machine tools. Waste steam is then expelled from the engine through an exhaust, or can be condensed and repurposed in some steam engine designs (Croft and Tangerman, 1939).
Throughout Thomson’s life he made many contributions to science. These include discoveries in thermodynamics and the age of the Earth, as well as innovating the Transatlantic Cable and inventing a tide meter. After exploring thermodynamics for some time, he developed the second law of thermodynamics. This law states that there cannot be a reaction that is completely efficient; a portion of the energy is lost to heat in each reaction. It also says that heat flows to areas that...