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Ras Political: The Emergence of the Political Rastafarian through Ras Samuel L Brown
In the 1920s, Marcus Mosiah Garvey preached a rhetoric of pan-Africanism, and of a Jamaican exodus to the homeland of Africa. One young and impressionable Jamaican, Samuel Brown was touched and motivated by Garveyism, and his self-taught schooling eventually laid a great foundation for a cohesive Rastafarian sect through political action.
Although Rastafarians are a typically non-political group of people, some followers are schooled in the science of the Political, and some Rastas even hold elected positions in local, state, and national legislatures. Rastas, as citizens of any nation, are subject to those nations’ laws and regulations, in many cases there are laws specifically regarding their rights and freedoms both positively and negatively. Reggae, the oft-adopted audio/visual representation of Rastafarianism, is rooted in the political; with cries for freedom, demands of reform, and the call to action, and has been an important aspect of many of the last four decades’ of Jamaican elections. Over the last seventy years, the Movement has been drastically shaped by many factors, some of which were both externally and internally political. The last seventy years, with these many influences, Rastafarianism has evolved into a reality far removed from the expectations of, and possibly desires of its founding leaders. Samuel Brown, touched by Marcus Garvey was one of these founding leaders, an inherently political and important early Rasta.
Ras Sam, as he was known to the brethren was born into the Rastafarian movement, in the Trelawny area in 1925, and was reported to have been met by Marcus Mosiah Garvey at the age of five, while little Samuel Brown was attending a political rally with his mother.
His mother’s political activities embedded in Sam an understanding of the importance of politically derived power, and although not formally trained due to his family’s extreme poverty, he was apparently ‘brilliant’. A devout Rasta, Sam Brown was also a powerful and provocative speaker, and over his forty-year career Ras Sam made speeches at the Smithsonian, the University of Vermont, and many Rastafarian International Conferences.
During the 1960s Ras Sam lead a group of Rastas at the Back-o-Wall Rastafarian Movement Recruitment Center camp near Denham Town, near his friend Prince Emmanuel’s African National Congress camp. Both were subsequently raided and destroyed by the police in 1966, a move which resulted in negative impacts towards the Rastas by the neighboring squatters, whose homes were also destroyed in the raid.
In 1971 two schools in Alexandria integrated to form T.C. Williams High School. Head coach Bill Yoast is replaced by African American coach Boone which causes tensions to rise. Tensions also start rising when the two schools of different races are forced to work together as one football team. Most of the players start to get used to their team during their two week training camp in Gettysburg Pennsylvania.But when the players return to Alexandria they revert back to how they were before the training camp. During the season the team's winning streak caused the people of Alexandria to start accepting people of different races. But the team was still separated
Marcus Garvey had a huge influence on the African Diaspora and where it connected with the black men and women. Ethiopia in Garvey’s perspective was seen as the home of all African’s in exile in the African Diaspora.(McMurray 48) See now what Garvey was influencing, yet not the initiator of, was on how the African Diaspora connected with the idea or dream of returning home to Africa. With that movement already going on and established, he was able to feed off
The Madison Lodge of Independent Order of Odd Fellows was looking for a way to “regain the momentum it had lost to the railroads with a public drinking fountain (Untitled).” “Crozier told Joe that they needed something out of the normal order to catch the attention and interest of the public (Untitled).” “There’s not one place in Madison where a stranger can get a drink of water (Untitled).” “Why don’t we Odd Fellows take the lead, conduct a campaign, install a good, clean drinking fountain in Madison with pure water, and make it all happen next Spring (Untitled)?” The individual lodges did not want to spend money from their treasury to build the fountains. So after many meetings, they decided to have a Grand Fair to raise money to build the fountain. The great flood of 1884 came “roaring down the Ohio River in late January or early February (Untitled).” The flood left many homeless, put the fountain on hold, and took the city three months to recover. The people who did not want a fountain to begin with began arguing that there should be sources of fresh drinking water above flood levels and that the fountain business needed to be put to rest and that the money needed to be spent on driven wells and hydrants. After a vote of 5-4, the original fountain plan was carried out. The next dilemma the Odd...
Putting a fountain in Madison was an idea that came from a group of the town’s leaders. They thought it would be a good idea for the city to have a nice drinking fountain. The fountain was initially meant to increase the membership of the society of Odd Fellows, which was critical to the re-election campaign of Mayor James H. Croz...
In 1886 the world production of aluminum was less than 45 kg (less than 100 lb), and its price was more than $11 per kg (more than $5 per lb). In 1989, by contrast, the estimated world production of primary aluminum was 18 million metric tons and an estimated 4 million metric tons was produced in the United States alone, whereas the price of aluminum was less than $2 per kg. U.S. consumption, by major markets, consisted of containers and packaging, 31 percent; building and construction, 20 percent; transportation, 24 percent; electric equipment, 10 percent; consumer durables, 9 percent; and miscellaneous, 6 percent. In 1989, recycled aluminum accounted for over 20 percent of total aluminum consumption in the United States.
Despite the often negative image projected in the press and other writings, the Rastafarian movement has grown at a rapid rate. In 1977, an estimated 75,000 native Jamaicans were followers of Rastafari (Davis and Simon, Reggae Bloodlines, 63). By 1988, Barrett conservatively calculated the membership of the worldwide movement to be 300,000 (2). Forsythe observed that Rastafarianism "represents a growing force wherever sizable West Indian communities are found--in Britain, Canada, the USA and in the Caribbean" (63).
Throughout the course of history, advances in medical technology have prolonged the length of life and delayed death; however, terminal illnesses still exist and modern medicine is often unable to prevent death. Many people turn to a procedure known as Physician-Assisted suicide, a process by which a doctor aids in ending a terminally ill patient’s life. This procedure is painless and effective, allowing patients to control their death and alleviate unnecessary suffering. In spite of these benefits, Physician-Assisted suicide is illegal in many places both nationally and internationally. Despite the fact that Physician-Assisted suicide is opposed by many Americans and much of the world on ethical and moral grounds such as those based on religion and the morality of taking another life, it should still be legalized because it alleviates suffering of patients, allows patients to choose a dignified death, and allows patients to control their own fate instead of their disease controlling them.
The legalization of assisted suicide has been a controversial topic that has created a divide within the medical community, as well as the general public, for many years. Assisted suicide occurs when a patient decides to take their own life, with help from their doctor. The doctor can end the patient’s life without causing any additional pain or suffering. While some believe that assisted suicide should be legal for patients who are suffering from a terminal and painful condition, others argue that it is unethical and going against the doctor’s oath to help and not harm their patients. As the average life expectancy age increases, people are living longer while also having to live with more serious illnesses. As a result, lives are ending with a great amount of suffering and pain, rather then dying peacefully. Since death is ultimately inevitable, I will therefore argue in favor of the proposition that assisted suicide should be legal for those capable of making a rationale end of life decision.
Coach Herman Boone is the main African-American character in this film. He is a football coach who is brought in by the newly diversified T.C. Williams High School as a form of affirmative action. This character struggles throughout the movie with dealing with the prejudices of his players, of other football coaches, of parents, and even of the school board who hired him in order to try to create a winning football team. Another key black character is Julius Campbell. He plays a linebacker who ends up becoming best friends with a white linebacker on the team. He, too, struggles with prejudices from some of his teammates and people in the town because of the new desegregation of the team. The remaining black players on the T.C. Williams High School had very similar roles in the film. Petey Jones, Jerry Williams (quarterback), and Blue Stanton all are shown facing racial inequality by players, citizens, and even other football coaches. The attitudes of ...
Reggae music is a very powerful way of communicating a message to its listener’s. Reggae has evolved over time from many different types of music and lots of different forms from ska to reggae. The history of reggae starts over 400 years ago in the days of slavery. Under the severe oppression of slavery the African people tried to hold on the pieces of their culture that they could. Music and dance were among the most important cultural traditions retained by the African people. These African rhythms gave way to mento, which gave rise to Rastafarian chants, which in turn gave way to ska and then rocksteady. (Potash, 29) When reggae music is thought of, Jamaica is instantly the word that comes to most peoples mind. Reggae music is also associated closely with the smoking of ganja. Generally people are uneducated about Rastafarianism, and don’t know that smoking marijuana is a sacrament of their religion. Just like Christians eat bread and drink wine at mass, for the Rastafarians ganja is a way to get closer to Jah or their God. The Rastafarian's God was proclaimed Haile Selassie the King of Ethiopia. The man who predicted this was Marcus Garvey a native Jamaican was an advocate of black unity and pride. Garvey was the one who told the African people that their savior would be the next king crowned in Africa. The Jamaican people revered Garvey and believed in what he preached, and when Haile Selassie was crowned the king of Ethiopia the Rastafarian people rejoiced with their new God, Haile Selassie. The Rastafarian’s loved Selassie, even though Selassie didn’t ask or want to be their God. Selassie made a visit to Jamaica in April of 1966, and when he first landed the thousands of Ras...
Marcus Garvey, born in Jamaica, came to the United States on March 23, 1916 to spread "his program of race improvement" (Cronon, 20). Originally, this was just to gain support for his educational program in Jamaica, but would soon become much more. Because of conditions at the time, the American Negro World took a great liking to him and his ideas of race redemption. Garvey’s organization, the Universal Negro Improvement Association, which was already established, was now the focal point for blacks in America to gather around.
"The Rastafarians emerge as a loosely organized inspirational group (or groups?) of men and women concerned at the plight of black people, especially the plight of those whose ancestors were forcibly removed from Africa to become the slaves of the white man on his plantations in the islands of the Caribbean"(Cashmore, 1). The English takeover of Jamaica in 1660 started the terrible beginning of the African Diaspora. Millions of Africans were stolen off of their continent and were shipped over to the Caribbean where they were fashioned to do slave labor so the Europeans could make money. Over 80 million Africans died in the process of departing to the islands. The slaves were denied any form of religion and were treated like animals. They were also denied food and were made to grow their own food so they could feed themselves. Many years went by till the slaves started to rebel. The 'Maroons' were a group of runaway slaves who started a powerful group of guerrilla warriors who lived in the most dangerous woods in Jamaica. But the Maroons gave in and signed a peace treaty in 1738 and were paid to catch the runaway slaves and became supporters of slavery.
Rastafari is a theology based upon the writings of Marcus Garvey a Jamaican social activist. The movement’s global spread from Jamaica across the world has been strongly influenced by Bob Marley and closely associated with reggae. Many of Marley’s songs captured the essence of Rastafari religion and its social and political beliefs. (bbc.co.uk, 2014)
Lots of recycled products are less expensive than brand new ones. Buying cans, bottles, paper, and some clothing items made from recycled goods are all potential ways to save you money. People can use their recycled items. People can use their recycled paper to make pencil which saves money. When people make paper it cost $25,000 dollars a month. If people use recycled paper, then it won't even cost about $100. The benefit in cost per can in terms of savings is so low that it's quite insignificant. On another level, the savings in terms of energy required in making a new can from scratch as compared to making it from an existing can is tremendous. The cost of aluminum would be high if people did not recycle it. Metals like copper, iron, and steel can also be recycled. Scrap bits of metal can be brought to a scrap dealer who will pay cash for the metal. Automobile manufacturers get good money for scrap metal too. Some people think that recycling is a great way to save
The development of the American Auto Industry took place over many, many years, starting with Mr. Henry Ford building the first car in 1896. The industry has evolved, to what it is today and represents approximately 10% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). According to the Bureau of Labour and Statistics, ‘the automotive industry includes industries associated with the production, wholesaling, retailing & maintenance of motor vehicles’. These industries are industries that have a tremendous impact on the U.S economy and can be directly impacted by changes in U.S. production and sales of motor vehicles.