The Effect of Sodium Carbonate on Hard Water
Aim
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In this experiment, we aim to investigate the effect of sodium
carbonate on hard water.
Method
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Firstly, 25.00cm3 of a sample of water was pipetted into a clean
conical flask. The pipette was used because this measures and delivers
a very accurate amount of liquid (to the nearest hundredth of a cm3,
or 0.01cm3), but care had to taken to make sure it was not held by the
bulge, as this could have made the amount inaccurate (as body
temperature heats the apparatus up and makes it expand). Also, the
pipette is used to avoid spillage, as the thin tube can put the water
straight into the appropriate container. Furthermore, a pipette filler
was used for safety purposes, because blowing or sucking could get
unwanted and potentially dangerous substances into the mouth. 0.500g
of sodium carbonate (a white powder) was added to the water, having
been carefully weighed on an electronic balance - this was very exact
and had a cover to maximise accuracy (it protected the balance from
being affected by wind or other particles). The balance measured the
mass of the powder to the nearest thousandth of a gram (i.e. 0.001g).
Then a burette on a stand was obtained, a considerable amount of soap
solution funnelled into it through the top (so the level reached near
the top) and 1cm3 of the solution added to the water. The burette
(glass tube with measurements marked on the side and a stopcock at the
bottom) was used because it very accurately lets out 1cm3 every time.
The conical flask was then corked (so no substances were able to
escape through the top) and shaken for ten seconds (this timed by a
stop-watch). It was observed whether a permanent lather (one that
lasted for more than ten seconds - again a stop-watch was used) was
created. If so, the result of 1cm3 being added was recorded. If not,
then the process of adding a cm3 of soap solution and shaking the
Half fill the ... ... middle of paper ... ... e data quality. Furthermore, using a graduated cylinder with markings below the 100 mL line would have allowed for more accurate measurements of the initial volume of air in the graduated cylinder.
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