Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is the study of the interaction between magnetic fields and moving conducting fluids. The idea of magnetohydrodynamics phenomenon was first conceived by Michael Faraday in the year 1832 in his Backerian Lecture to the Royal society. He infact carried out an experiment at the waterloo Bridge in
Great Britain for measuring the current from the flow of the river Thamus in earth’s magnetic field. This experiment in a way outlined the basic concept behind MHD generation over the years then, the MHD pump was designed by Northrup in 1907. In
1910, Karlovitz and Halacz was invented and patented the MHD generator by invert- ing the operating principle of the MHD pump. In 1930, Williams published the result of the first laboratory
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Hannes Alfven was the first to introduce the term ”Magnetohydrodynamics” in 1942.
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Hannes Alfven (1908-1995), was a swedish scientist who is considered one of the founding father of the field of space plasma physics [1]. He made many contributions and discoveries associated with both terrestrial and cosmic plasmas, (not always ac- knowledged by his peers), and in 1970 he won the nobel prize in physics for his work developing a theory of plasmas called Magnetohydrodynamics. Since 1959 [2,3], ma- jor efforts have been carried out around the world to develop this technology in order to improve electric conversion efficiency, increase reliability by eliminating moving parts, and reduce emissions from coal and gas plants.
The electricity requirements of the world including Pakistan are increasing day by day and the power demand has been running ahead of supply. The whole world is already familiar with the convectional power generating resources like hydral, thermal and nuclear etc. In all convectional systems the potential energy is first converted into mechanical energy and then this mechanical energy is converted into electrical
Ewald Georg von Kleist is a German scientist who created the capacitor in November of 1745. Regrettably, Kleist did not have the proper paper work to claim in the records that the design of the capacitor was his idea. Many months later, a Dutch professor named Pieter van Musschenbroek created the Leyden jar, the world’s first capacitor (on record). It was a simple jar that was half filled with water and metal above it. A metal wire was connected to it and that wire released charges. Benjamin Franklin created his own version of the Leyden jar, the flat capacitor. This was the same experiment for the more part, but it had a flat piece of glass inside of the jar. Michael Faraday was the first scientist to apply this concept to transport electric power over a large distance. Faraday created the unit of measurement for a capacitor, called Farad.
His data he from his experiments led to the discovery of the physical electron in an atom by J.J. Thomson at Cambridge around 1898, and was H.A. Lorentz’s baseline for his formal theory on the existence of the electron. In his Nobel Lecture in 1902 Lorentz would go on to acknowledge and credit Stoney for his contributions to his study. His discoveries changed the way others looked at the atomic structure. He received an honorary Doctorate of Science (D.Sc.) from the University of Dublin in June 1902 just 9 years before he died at the age of eighty-five. The lasting impact of his work is acknowledged even today because he aided in the advancement of the atomic theory by providing a new piece to the incomplete atomic
He began writing about his hypothesis/ idea in 1864-65, and published the results in 1866. It was not until 1900 that his published findings were
David C. Snyder Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 47, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1986), pp. 197-213
Research Institute at Basel. In 1965 was when he recieved his Nobel prize for his
The concept in these articles are very possible for us in the future. Technology is
Ocean currents are horizontal or vertical movement of both surface and deep water throughout the world’s oceans (Briney, n.d.). The primary generating forces are wind and differences in water density caused by variations in temperature and salinity. Currents generated by these forces are modified by factors such as the depth of the water, ocean floor topography and deflection by the rotation of the Earth. Horizontal currents are wind driven, fast moving and carries small amount of water; while, vertical currents are slow moving, density driven and carries large bodies of water. In this paper I will describe horizontal and vertical currents, their importance and some of the tools used to measure ocean currents.
Richard P. Feynman was born in 1918 in Brooklyn; in 1942 he received his Ph.D. from Princeton. Already displaying his brilliance, Feynman played an important role in the development of the atomic bomb through his work in the Manhattan Project. In 1945 he became a physics teacher at Cornell University, and in 1950 he became a professor at the California Institute of Technology. He, along with Sin-Itero and Julian Schwinger, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 for his work in the field of quantum electrodynamics.
In 1813, at the age of 21, Faraday became a lab assistant at the Royal Institute in Londo...
time, electricity costs are much more stable and are expected to decrease over the next several
Technology – as defined by the US National Academy of Science (cited in Jones 1996, p.17) –
The history of engineering goes back into the 19th century when Alexander Volta (1745-1827) made a remarkable discover regarding the nature of electricity (Cosgrove 749). He discovered that electrical current could be controlled and could flow from one point to another. By the time the mid-19th century came about the rules for electricity were being established. During this time electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday who lived from 1791 to 1867 (749). Also during this time Samuel Morris invented the telegraph in 1837 which relies on the principles of electromagnetic induction (749). Alexander Graham Bell, who lived from 1847 to 1922, created the telephone which also uses electricity in order to operate (749). Through the success of the telephone, Bell Telephone Company was established. In 1878, the light bulb was finally invented by Thomas Edison who lived from 1847 to 1931 (749). Off the principles of Faraday’s electric motor from 1821, Nicholas Tesla invented a more efficient and powerful electric motor in 1888 (749). To make these inventions be more significant, effort was expended to make better motors and transformers and to enhance the power needed to make them function. Through these inventions during the middle 19th century, it led to the capability of lighting homes and cities through the use of electricity, and it also led to the creation of the telephone communication system (750).
Figure 1 illustrates the design of the batteries discovered in ancient Persia. Fast forwarding to the 17th century, it was “in the year 1600, English Physician William Gilbert used the Latin word “electricus” to describe the force that certain substances exert when rubbed against each other” (Atkinson, 2014). Though Benjamin Franklin is largely accredited with the discovery of electricity, it was “Italian physicist Alessandro Volta [whom] discovered that particular chemical reactions could produce electricity” (Atkinson, 2014). In “1800, he constructed an early electric battery that produced a steady current” (Atinkson, 2014). To clarify, current is defined as the “rate at which charge flows through its surface” (Serway and Vuille, 2011). Volta ‘s battery was only the beginning. Michael Faraday made electricity more accessible when he “created the electric dynamo (a crude power generator)” (Atinkson, 2014). This invention “solved the problem of generating electric current in an ongoing and practical way” (Atinkson, 2014). Faraday’s solution helped Thomas Edison invent his famous light bulb because it was the “first practical bulb that would light for hours on end” (Atinkson, 2014). Edison is
The research that established Faraday as the foremost experimental scientist of his day was, however, in the fields of electricity and magnetism. In 1821 he plotted the magnetic field around a conductor carrying an electric current; the existence of the magnetic field had first been observed by the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted in 1819.
The present technology has found its use in almost every sector making the industries, businesses and institutions to use it for their daily activities since it brings a lot of benefits.