The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian committees in recognition of academic, cultural and scientific advances. Chemistry is one of the many categories of Nobel Prizes awarded to chemists that have dedicated life changing research in their perspective fields. In 2013, the Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to three theoretical chemists, Michael Levitt, Martin Karplus, and Arieh Warshe, who developed a multiscale computer to predict complex chemical reactions
American- British Michael Levitt was born in Pretoria, South Africa in 1947. Levitt works as a structural biology and computer science professor at Stanford University in Stanford, California. Levitt has a extensive
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As computer technology became more advanced, the problem would soon be answered. Also they all decided to combine classical and quantum physics. Karplus said that they had combined semi-empirical quantum mechanics, theoretical and computational mechanic, and classical and quantum dynamics to be able to understand electronic structure, geometry, and dynamics of molecules of chemical interest.
Their research is extremely important for the future chemistry of science. It was difficult to actually understand how a chemical reaction can happen; and its even harder to predict what will happen with chemical compounds. Using that complex computer model, we can accurately predict chemical reactions in the universe. Also it gives us a better understanding about chemical reactions since the model gave us a better explanation about chemical reactions we want to
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It can calculate the possibilities that can happen when two or more compounds are mixed in certain conditions without putting it on a test. The invention helps chemists to analyze and predict chemical reactions in order to explore more about chemicals in the universe. These chemists can now easily use this computer model to do experiments without using actual chemical compounds since it was expensive and sometimes dangerous.
The computer model that was developed by three intellectual chemists is not only about chemistry. Without help from quantum physics and advanced computer technology, the computer would not have been created. These studies allowed the chemists to simulate small and large molecules. With this research information, it is arguable that the computer has become more important in the research of chemistry.
This research has opened doors for us to advance development for new medicine. Scientists can now minimalize the use of Guinea pig in drug tests because the computer stimulation can determine how drugs interact with the protein in the human body. Then the scientists can predict more precisely if the drug is
Animals are tested on for many cosmetic and medical products, but the treatment of the animals and the quality of the test results are often less satisfactory than the consumer realizes. Every person has most likely purchased either a pharmaceutical or cosmetic product in his or her lives, but the careless techniques for making these products may astound individuals that rely on drugs for everyday use. According to the Food and Drug Administration, “every year about fifteen -hundred” drugs are created, but “twelve-hundred” are deemed unusable for people. Regardless of such a high number or drug rejections, about “one-million Americans are hospitalized from flaws in drugs” (“Animal Experimentation,” 2009). Most of these drugs were tested on animals before being approved for human use, which proves that animal testing is not a successful method of experimentation. Some factors should be considered when deciding what testing method is most helpful to society; whether an animal has similar genetics to humans, if testing animals are treated humanely, and the costs of conducting the tests. Scientists and animal support groups have quarreled for centuries over the morals of using testing animals and human safety when using animals for toxic experimentations. Individuals for animal testing usually claim that there are no alternatives or it is the safest out of all the methods, but he or she may not be aware of modern technologies that are capable of making a new and improved data for certain pharmaceutical products.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel is a scientist ,author, pacifist, and above all of that he is inventor of dynamite and the holder of 355 patents. He was born on October, 21, 1833, in Stockholm, Sweden and he is the fourth of Immanuel and Caroline Andriette Nobel’s eight children. He was raised in the capital of Russia where there were a wonderful mixture of different cultures and nationalities, and a great harmony between science and literature. Alfred was a weak child who always got sick but at the same time he was lively and curious about the world around him. Alfred’s father, Immanuel Nobel, was a descendant of the Swedish scientist Olaus Rudbeck , therefore Alfred the boy was interested in engineering, particularly explosives and he learnt the basic principles from his father at a young age. Alfred’s father, Immanuel Nobel was an engineer, inventor and a builder who built bridges and buildings in Stockholm, beside that he experimented for blasting rocks with different techniques because of his construction work.
The authors quote a vast amount of credible sources from prestigious universities such as Princeton and from well-known animal rights groups such as PETA. I will use this as my main source of information. George, Patricia and Geraldine Wagner. “Point: Medical Experiments on Animals Are an Important Element of Drug Development.” Animal Experimentation 2015: 7.
Alternative methods are sometimes more reliable, more accurate, cost-effective, practical, and expedient Alternative testing can be used for in preclinical studies .These methods are vitro methods (human cells and tissues), silico models (advanced computer-modeling techniques), studies with human volunteers (microdosing, advanced brain imaging and recording techniques), stem cell, genetic testing methods, computerized patient-drug databases ,virtual drug trials and human-patient simulators can be used for the assessment of the safety of drugs, chemicals, cosmetics, medical devices, consumer and investigational products.
...f the product is given to a human through the skin. It is said that this could be a new and very effective alternative to Animal Experiments. Scientist have grown a small piece of human liver tissue from stem cells which might one may be possible to perform initial ‘human’ safety trails in a lab. I suppose that if the laws on the necessity for animal testing were relaxed, it would encourage the scientist to develop other methods of testing toxicity that were equally effective. There are alternatives, it is just whether or not the scientist will peruse them.
Every year millions of animals such as rabbits, cats, and mice are used to test new products such as cosmetics, household cleaners, and medicines that often lead to poisoning and even death. In China, it is required that all products are tested on animals before being released to the public; on the contrary, the United States does not have this same requirement (Facts). As a result of the Animal Welfare Act being signed- making it illegal to test on humans- scientists use animals because the tests are similar to human testing. Only 6% of animals used in assessing the safety of new medicines and vaccines suffer in great pain because using anesthetics would alter the validity of the data (Kanade). Animal testing is the most effective technique for evaluating medicine and cosmetics because the animal’s anatomy is similarly structured to humans. Mice are the mos...
I hope to bridge the gap between computer science and physics by researching quantum computing. This rapidly-growing field has already produced unprecedented
Quantum thermodynamic scientists are aiming to explore the behavior outside the lines of conventional thermodynamics. This exploration could be used for functional cases, which include “improving lab-based refrigeration techniques, creating batteries with enhanced capabilities and refining technology of quantum computing.” (Merali P.1). However, this field is still in an early state of exploration. Experiments, including the one that is being performed at Oxford University, are just beginning to test these predictions. “A flurry of attempts has been made to calculate how thermodynamics and the quantum theory might combine” (Merali P. 1). However, quantum physicist Peter Hänggi stated that “there is far too much theory and not enough experiment” (Merali P.1) in this field of study, which is why its credibility is undermined. Nevertheless, people are starting to put more effort into understanding quantum thermodynamics in order to make
Throughout centuries medical research has been conducted on animals. “Animals were used in early studies to discover how blood circulates through the body, the effect of anesthesia, and the relationship between bacteria and disease” (AMA 59). Experiments such as these seem to be outdated and actually are by today’s means, scientists now study commonly for three general purposes: (1) biomedical and behavioral research, (2) education, (3) drug and product testing (AMA 60). These three types of experiments allow scientists to gain vast amounts of knowledge about human b...
More than 45 million chemical compounds are known and the number may increase in million every year, without cheminformatics, the access of these huge amounts of information is very difficult.
Drug is a chemical which alters the processes in the organism, which is used in the medicine for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the diseases (Farlex, 2011). Drug discovery is a long term process that needs money investment. The process of drug investigation takes approximately from 9 to 15 years during which the number of chemicals that can become drug is reduced from 10,000 to 1-2 (Saparov, 2011). Even after manufacturing the drug is studied by scientists for modifying its structure, delivery and effects on the organism. Drug discovery consists of several stages which help to examine its effectiveness and side effects.
Of all the scientists to emerge from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries there is one whose name is known by almost all living people. While most of these do not understand this mans work, everyone knows that his impact on the world is astonishing.
The development of quantum mechanics in the 1920's and 1930's has revolutionized our understanding of the chemical bond. It has allowed chemists to advance from the simple picture that covalent and ionic bonding affords to a more complex model based on molecular orbital theory.
The history of computers is an amazing story filled with interesting statistics. “The first computer was invented by a man named Konrad Zuse. He was a German construction engineer, and he used the machine mainly for mathematic calculations and repetition” (Bellis, Inventors of Modern Computer). The invention shocked the world; it inspired people to start the development of computers. Soon after,
In the early 1800’s, a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine. It was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers.