The Canadian Exchange Rate The Canadian Dollar has undergone a significant depreciation over the past 10 years. The drop in relative value of our currency has caused a great deal of consternation not only among economists but also in the media and consequently the general public has well. Ordinary citizens experience first hand the effects of such depreciation every time they go to our most frequented vacation spot, the United States. While economic variables are not usually the subject of casual debate, the exchange rate trend has even permeated our most beloved conversation topic, professional hockey. Despite the popularity of the subject, consensus and clarity are rarities. What has happened to the value of the Canadian dollar simply requires quick glance at the data, however why it has happened is rather more contentious. This paper will analyze the long term effect of the Canadian exchange rate relative to the US dollar. The first section will serve as a background piece on exchange rates. In the next section, I hope to provide the reader with an appreciation of what has happened to the value of the Canadian dollar over the last decade. In the third part I will go through the economic theory behind the determination of a long term exchange rate. Finally in the fourth section, I will try to relate the theory with the trend exibited by the Canadian dollar. While the subject is often discussed, there still exists many misconceptions about what the exchange rate actually is. The exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in Canadian dollars on the foreign exchange market. Like in any market, the price is determined by the intersections of demand and supply. Demand for a currency is made up of all those who want to buy or hold an asset in that particular currency. For example, importers need to convert the Canadian dollars into foreign currency in order to purchase foreign goods. Similarly investors who wish to hold foreign assets must pay for them in foreign currency and therefore need to convert Canadian dollars. The supply is made up of those wishing to buy Canadian dollars; these people include those buying Canadian export and those investing in Canadian assets. The intersection of theses two opposing actions, buying and selling Canadian dollars determines the volume traded and at what price or the exchange rate. Due to... ... middle of paper ... ...he US dollar as the only safe heaven. If this is correct, then in true circular fashion the US dollar would appreciate against all other currency, which its seems to have done according to the chart below especially after 1996. Bibliography: Crow, John. "Canadian Exchange Rate Policy"; Canadian Public Policy, Vol. XXV, no3. 1999. Djoudad R. and Tessier D. "Quelques résultats empiriques relatifs à l'évolution du taux de change Canada/États-Unis," Bank of Canada, Working Paper 2000-4. 2000. Faria, Joao and Leon-Ledesma, Miguel. "Testing the Balassa-Samuelson Effect: Implication for growth," University of Kent at Canterbury, Department of Economics Discussion Paper 00/08. 2000. Isard, Peter. Exchange rate Economics; Cambridge University Press, 1995. Krugman, Paul. Exchange rate instability; The MIT Press, Cambridge USA. 1989. Machlup, Fritz. Explainig Changes in Balances of Payments and Foreign Exchange Rate: a Polemic without graphs, Algebra, and Citations. Flexible Exchange rates and the Balance of Payments; Chipman and Kindleberger editors, 1980. p99. James Powell A History of the Canadian Dollar http://www.bankofcanada.ca/en/dollar_book/index.htm
In chapter 1 Finny leaps from the tree for the first time, and then Gene follows. When Gene jumps after Finny he does it not because of being “shamed into it” (906) as Finny says but out of envy to be more like Finny. Gene gets an odd feeling of gratification that seems to settle his insecurity when he is imitating Finny. On the walk home from the tree Gene boasts “ I then became his (Finny) collaborator” as they were both missing evening meal. This shows that his subconscious jealousy had succeeded in being like Finny. Gene felt that the more he could associate with Finny the more he would be considered like Finny. Even Gene may not have realized his underlying jealousy but it was there from the beginning.
Gene fought with his fears throughout the story. He thought that he was a complete person, full of what a man should be, but when he got to Devon and met Finny, he felt he was incomplete, as though he lacked something. He tried to find ways to fill the void by associating with all that Finny did. As a result he did become more well-rounded but he also felt guilt for the consequences. Guilt was also an internal war or conflict Gene had with himself. After “jouncing the limb” while Finny was on it, Gene sensed he was wrong in doing so but he was not fully regretful. After the truth came out though, and Finny once again broke his leg, Gene did feel complete remorse. At Finny’s funeral Gene didn’t cry but it’s not that he was not sad or that he was not sorrowful, but he felt like it was his own funeral and he knew that you don’t cry at your own funeral. Gene also thought that Finny was trying to sabotage his schoolwork by taking him places and convincing him to do things that were illogical and impulsive. Although this was not the case Gene really fought with himself, over-analyzing all of Finny’s shenanigans and deciding whether or not they seemed to be plots against him.
Knowles reveals Gene?s hypocritical love towards his closest friends, especially Phineas (Finny). Gene attends every meeting of Finny?s ?Super Suicide Society? during the summer session, even though Gene would much rather be studying. Gene wants to do well in school and is resentful of Finny always pulling him away from his books, however, instead being honest with Finny, Gene behaves as though he enjoys the meetings. Gene, an adolescent struggling to be sincere in his relationships, says, ?I went along, I never missed a meeting?acting against every instinct of my nature, I went without thought of protest? (Knowles 34). Gene refuses to let Finny know how he actually feels about the meetings, and despite his outward love toward Finny, Gene allows bitterness to take root inside of him. Knowles also depicts Gene?s hypocrisy through his response to Finny?s fall. After Finny falls, Gene calmly jumps from the tree branch into the Devon River. Later, when Finny is lying in a hospital bed, Gene misleads Finny, telling Finny that he tried to help him and keep him from falling. What Gene says is false, because Gene is, in fact, guilty of causing Finny?s fall. Gene says, ?I tried, you remember? I reached out but you were gone, you went down through those little branches underneath, and when I reached out there was only air?
...nguage, and religion all make up Canada’s human face, but also front how the cultural accommodation will continue with the risk of losing Canada’s main traditions. Faultlines again come into perspective within demographic issues, especially with newcomers/old-timers, aboriginal population expansions, and French/English language. The core/periphery model is also represented. The end of the chapter places a focus on Canada’s economic face as well, dealing with stresses inside the global economy as well as its strong dependency on the U.S markets (Bone, 169) especially with the stimulating global recession. Canada’s economic structure leans on the relative share of activity in the primary (natural resource extraction), secondary (raw material assembly), tertiary (sale/exchange of goods and services), and quaternary (decision-making) sectors of the economy (Bone, 166).
So when the dollar is depreciating, the exchange rate becomes smaller. Exchange rate (foreign exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) is the number of units of a given currency that can be purchased for one unit of another currency. The United States capital markets are becoming more attractive to foreign investors. Since the dollar is falling, it makes foreigner’s investment in the United States more affordable. Therefore, foreigners take this opportunity to invest in the United States.
Throughout the flashback, Gene realizes that might have hurt Finny on purpose, out of jealousy due to his own feelings and imperfections. Gene at the conclusion of chapter four, {page: 59} thinks “He had never been jealous of me for a second.” Gene’s inner conflict is that he is struggling with the knowledge that he might have hurt Finny intentionally. Therefore,
People outside of Canada are baffled at how Canada ended up in such a state of affairs. Canada as a country has a lot going for it. A high GNP, and high per capita income in international terms. It is ranked at the top of the...
The question I’m setting out to research for this paper is whether or not Hip Hop promotes misogyny and violence. This question implies several further questions that must be answered in order to come to a conclusion, these questions being, what is Hip Hop, what is misogyny, and what is violence? To answer these questions, I’ve chosen these six sources using the John Jay database, and I will explain what each source reveals and how it relates and answers my questions that will, ultimately, help to draw a conclusion in the finalized research paper.
He becomes aware of Finny’s endurance, as “nothing as he was growing up at home, nothing at Devon, nothing even about the war had broken his harmonious and natural unity. So at last [Gene] had” (203). Following Finny’s death, Gene states how absolutely nothing could break Finny, not even a war. But the evilness of his shadow and unconscious self could, and cause Finny’s death. One’s shadow can be toxic when displayed to the outside world, especially when it is not in check by the individual. Gene has accepted his dark side when he admits he had been the cause of his friend’s death. In the very end of the novel, Gene finally takes responsibility for all of his shadow’s actions against his best friend, as he thinks to himself, “I never killed anybody and I never developed an intense level of hatred for the enemy. Because my war ended before I ever put on a uniform; I was on active duty all my time at school; I killed my enemy there” (204). Gene’s transformation from the beginning of the novel to the end is clearly seen in this quotation, as he no longer denies his shadow’s existence and now claims responsibility of the darkness inside himself. He illustrates himself as being on active duty at all times at school, staying on guard for any of Finny’s tricks that may potentially cause him to fall behind in his studies. His war with Finny, whom he once
Hip-Hop culture can be traced from ancient Brazil, Jamaica and West African traditions, rap specifically got its roots from African Diaspora. Women have been in Hip-Hop culture since the 1970’s in South Bronx, New York when it was an underground subculture. Hip-Hop became more prevalent in the 1980’s when it was seen as more profitable and most would concur that Hip-Hop has worsened since capitalist values have taken control with programs such as BET, VH1 and MTV. That lead to the censorship of questionable language and images, however it started exploiting female rappers, misogynistic lyrics and rendering of a negative image of black women and their bodies. This essay will cover the controlling images black women play in pop-culture, the shaming of female bodies, misogyny in Hip-Hop, and the role feminism plays in Hip-Hop. Black woman started off as the mammie caricature in pop culture, but still in our present moment black women are portrayed as matriarchs, jezabels, having their bodies objectified and are the victims of misogyny in
The most popular new music to emerge from the ‘80’s was rap music. It first developed in the mid ‘70’s in New York City, and soon in other urban areas, primarily amongst African-American teen-agers. It became very popular with the urban public that it soon began to spread throughout the United States and much of the world. It replaced rock music as the creative force in music of the ‘80’s and ‘90’s. However, as popular as it was then and it is now, the lyrics of many rap songs have caused controversy. Many believe and have charged that these lyrics promote racism and violence and show contempt for women.
A main reason why the misogyny of rap music has been such a problem in this generation, is because as the years pass, each generation evolves and becomes more accepting of race, non-existent gender roles, and equality between men and women. These evolutions are prevalent in the everyday lives of black women, however, artists in the hip-hop genre clearly have never gotten that memo. Black women have found it hard enough to escape the social barrier between races and stereotypes, without rappers’ attempts to diminish their self-worth. Mike Klocke (2007), author of the article “Let’s take the rap for what we listen to,” has stated that hip-hop music found “objectionable” would be easier to ignore, and easier for black women to overcome, if the music wasn’t so anticipated and “in your face” (p.
(Buunk, Dijkstra, Fetchenhauer, & Kenrick, 2002). The researchers for this study looked at how the value of different characteristics (Potential income, Education, Attractiveness, self-confidence, dominance and social position), and varied depending on the level of relationship commitment (sexual fantasy, one night stand, being in love, serious relationship, and marriage).In regards to income women desired a mate who had a higher income, while men desired a mate with and income that was equal or similar to theirs. In regards to education women desired a potential mate who had a higher level of education while men desired a mate whose education was similar to theirs. Researchers also found that as relationship commitment decreased the desire for an educated partner decreased. Men were found to desire mates who were more physically attractive than females and the preference for physical attractiveness increased as relationship commitment decreased. In regards to self-confidence males desired mates who were slightly more self-confident than themselves, while females desired mates who were significantly more self-confident than themselves. Regardless of commitment level women desired a mate who was highly intelligent, whereas men’s preferences for an intelligent mate decreased gradually as commitment level decreased. Both males and females reported preferring
Previous research has reported several gender differences between men and women regarding the desire for sex. According to Randy J. Larson and David M. Buss's book Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature, men view pornography more often than women (d=.63). Men also desire more sexual partners, have more frequent sexual partners, and are more willing to accept offers of sex from a stranger (Hald & Hogh-Olesen, 2010). Evolutionarily, sex differences have relied on parental investment and sexual selection theory. The sex that invests less in offspring is less discriminatory in their selection of a mate. Because women have more of an obligatory role in parental investment, they place greater importance on mate selection whereas men place a greater value on a woman’s physical appearance. Although men score higher in ratings pertaining to the desire for sex, women score higher in emotional investment. Women tend to score higher on items such as passionate, cuddlesome, affectionate, and romantic (Larson & Buss 2014).
The stability of currency values plays a significant role for economic and financial stability. It is not difficult to see the exchange rate fluctuations are widely regarded as damaging. As the movements of the exchange rate have significant and large effects on the trade balance, resource allocation, domestic prices, interest rate, national income and other key economic variables. Then can exchange rate movements be predicted by these fundamental economic variables?