Review The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is the latest version of one of the most extensively used assessments of depression that utilizes a self-report method to measure depression severity in individuals aged thirteen and older (Beck, Steer & Brown, 1996). The BDI-II proves to be an effective measure of depression as evidenced by its prevalent use in both clinical and counseling settings, as well as its use in studies of psychotherapy and antidepressant treatment (Beck, Steer & Brown, 1996). Even though the BDI-II is meant to be administered individually, the test administration time is only 5 to 10 minutes and Beck, Steer & Brown (1996) remark that the interpretive guidelines presented in the test manual are straightforward, making the 21 item Likert-type measure an enticing option to measure depression in appropriate educational settings. However it is important to remember that even though the BDI-II may be easy to administer and interpret, doing so should be left to highly trained individuals who plan to use the results in correlation with other assessments and client specific data when diagnosing a client with depression. An additional consideration is the response bias that can occur in any self-report instrument; Beck, Steer & Brown (1996, pg. 1) posit that clinicians are often “faced with clients who alter their presentation to forward a personal agenda that may not be shared.” This serves as an additional reminder that self-report assessments should not be the only assessment used in the diagnoses process. Norming, Reliability & Validity According to the BDI-II test review, norming of the BDI-II is neither impressive nor extensive including a clinical sample of 500 outpatients in therapy as well as a conve... ... middle of paper ... ...ression; yet it is still extremely important to keep in mind, especially in an educational setting, that results from the BDI-II or any other symptom inventory or mental health test should be thoroughly researched and used in correlation with other assessments and client specific data when making a diagnosis. References Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory-II. Retrieved August 18, 2011from EBSCOhost. Hood, A.B., & Johnson, R.W. (2007). Assessment in Counseling: A guide to the use of psychological assessment procedures (4th ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. VanVoorhis, C., & Blumentritt, T. (2007). Psychometric Properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a Clinically-Identified Sample of Mexican American Adolescents. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 16(6), 789-798. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9125-y
There are a variety of ways counselors can use assessment in counseling. According to Whiston counselors use (2017) assessments as a tool used to measure people behavior. Assessments can be informal and formal (Laureate, 2013). One significant part of assessments is to evaluate progress between the client and counselor.
This fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM will be the standard classification of mental disorders (Nauert, 2011). Mental health professionals and other health professionals will use this standard in their diagnoses and researches. The American Psychiatric Association released a draft of proposed changes after a decade of review and revision by the Association. Allen Frances, chairman and editor of DSM IV, and Robert Spitzer, editor of DSM III, expressed objections to the task force conducting the revisions and the proposed revisions. Present chairman is David Kupfer and vice chairman is Darrel Regier (Nauert; Collier, 2010).
The PHQ-9 is a widely utilized tool in Primary Care to assist clinicians with the detection, diagnosing, monitoring, and measuring of severity of depression in adults (Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams 2001). It is a nine item self-administered questionnaire based on the Diagnostic Statistic Manual IV (DSM-IV) criteria for diagnosing depression in adults. There is a tenth question at the end regarding effect, if any, on functioning. It has also been used in many medical specialty populations for adults presenting with, or suspicion of depressive symptoms. It may be completed in clinic by the patient and takes two to five minutes (Nease et al. 2003). It is reviewed by the clinician and interpretation of the score is made using the algorithm that accompanies the questionnaire in 1-3 minutes. The expense of the paper is the only cost. The training is simply the clinician becoming familiar with the questions and the scoring.
Case conceptualization explains the nature of a client’s problem and how they develop such problem ( Hersen, & Porzelius, p.3, 2002) In counseling, assessment is viewed as a systematic gathering of information to address a client’s presenting concerns effectively. The assessment practice provides diagnostic formulation and counseling plans, and aids to identify assets that could help the client cope better with concern that they are current. Assessment is present as a guide for treatment and support in the “evaluation process. Although many methods can be employed to promote a thorough assessment, no one method should be used by itself” (Erford, 2010, p.269-270). Eventually, it is the counselor's job to gain adequate information concerning the client and the client's presenting concerns to establish an effective treatment strategy. Using a combination of assessment techniques increases the likelihood of positive interventions and promotes successful treatment (Erford, 2010, p.271). A case conceptualization reflects how the professional counselor understands the nature of the presenting problems and includes a diagnostic formulation. Case conceptualization organizes assessment data into meaningful outline, applying research, and theory to make sense of client’s current problem.
Diagnosed PTSD/TBI/Behavioral Health: Based on DA Form 3822, dated 11 February 2014, the applicant was diagnosed has followed: Axis I (psychiatric Condition) No diagnosis, Axis II (Personality & intelligence disorder) No diagnosis, and Axis III (medical conditions) Sleeping Issues.5.
In groups of Latino farmers, social situations play a big role in health and happiness. Most Latina women are the spouses of farmworkers, but that does not mean they are free from stress and depression. The article assigned focused on two depression models to use when studying Latina women, the social stress paradigm, which focuses on socioeconomic disadvantages, and the interpersonal model of depression, which focuses on relationships. The health levels of these women, specifically depression, are heavily reliant on family ties and social concerns.
Pardini, D. A., Frick, P. J., & Moffitt, T. E., (2010). Building an evidence base for dsm-5
The Beck Depression Inventory is a self-report inventory that attempts to understand the severity of depression in adults and or adolescents. The original Beck Depression Inventory was created in 1961 by Aaron Beck and his associates and was revised in 1971. In 1971, the Beck Depression Inventory was introduced at the Center for Cognitive Therapy, CCT, at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. Much of the research on the Beck Depression Inventory has been done at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. In the current version, of the Beck Depression Inventory, the subject rates 21 symptoms and attitudes on a 4 point scale depending on severity. Test takers rate the items listed in the inventory according to a one week timeframe, which includes the day the test takers took the test. The items that that the inventory measures covers cognitive, somatic, affective and vegetative dimensions of depression and although it was developed atheoretically, the items correspond with depression symptoms as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) (DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The Beck Depression Inventory is widely known and is well known by psychiatric populations and clinicians. The BDI can be administered in a group or individual format by oral or written form. The 1993 version targets more trait aspects of depression versus the previous and earlier versions measured state aspects of depression. The test is to be administered with no more than 15 minutes to take the test, regardless of the mode administered. The 21 symptoms that are rated on the 4 point scale are then totaled and the range can vary from 0 to 63. Patients that score...
Children’s Depression Inventory – CDI2 (Kovacs, 2011). The CDI2 is the latest update to the original CDI. It assesses depression in children aged 7 to 17. Internal consistency of the CDI was .86 in the normative sample. Alpha reliability statistics reported by other researchers are typically equal to or greater than .80, with no values reported lower than .70 (Kovacs,
...sessment should not be used solely for making any diagnostic decisions or decisions related to treatment of any kind but the findings do indicate that the BAI is useful in using as a supportive tool in screening for common anxiety disorders in mental health settings. The assessment would be most effective if used in a tiered diagnostic system, if time constraints interfere with conducting a tiered study then a subsample of individuals would be a suggested option for clinics who are looking for a more time efficient assessment.
...nknown. Additionally, some studies use invalid or non-standardized quantitative questionnaires. Despite these limitations, EMDR interventions have significant clinical results.
Kahn, Ada P., and Jan Fawcett. The Encyclopedia of Mental Health. 2nd ed. New York: Facts On File, 2001.
Overall though, I thought the BAI was well laid out and professional. When used in the right setting with the appropriate client, this inventory could be very useful to someone suffering from anxiety. It could be a great way to help create hope in a client. They could take the inventory once a month during treatment to see how they are progressing. I enjoyed evaluating this inventory because it painted a clear picture of how validity and reliability are so crucial when creating an assessment.
The Beck Youth Inventory Test was developed in 2001 by Judith Beck, Aaron Beck, John Jolly, and Robert Steer. The purpose of this psychological testing tool is a brief self-report to measure the distress in children and adolescents (Flanagan & Henington, 2005). The Beck Youth Inventory includes using five self-administered scales. The five tests include the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Anger Inventory, Beck Disruptive Inventory, and the Beck Self-Concept Inventory. These tests can be administered individually or in combination to the youth. The intended population for this test is ages 7-14 years (Flanagan & Henington, 2005). This test is used to assess symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, disruptive behavior, and self esteem (Beck, 2001).
Cassano, P. Fava, M. (2002). Depression and public health: an overview. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 849–857. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.com/resources/depression.php