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Research paper on tetralogy of fallot
Research paper on tetralogy of fallot
Tetralogy of fallot research paper
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Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare condition caused by a combination of four heart defects that are present at birth. These defects, which affect the structure of the heart, cause oxygen-poor blood to flow out of the heart and to the rest of the body. Infants and children that are diagnosed with Tetralogy of fallot have blood that does not carry enough oxygen throughout their body, and that will cause the infants and children to have blue-tinged skin. Tetralogy of fallot is usually diagnosed during infancy or sooner. However, Tetralogy of Fallot may not be diagnosed until adulthood, depending on the severity of the defects and symptoms. Symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot include cyanosis, which is a bluish coloration of the skin due to low blood oxygen …show more content…
Tet spells are most common in young infants, around 2 to 4 months old. Toddlers or older children might squat when they are short of breath, which helps increase blood flow to the lungs. Tetralogy of Fallot is caused during fetal growth, when the baby's heart is developing. While factors such as maternal nutrition, viral illness or genetic disorders might increase the risk of this condition, in most cases the cause of Tetralogy of Fallot is unknown. There are four defects that are present at birth that cause this condition; They are, pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. some children or adults who have Tetralogy of Fallot may have other heart defects, such as a hole between the heart's upper chambers (atrial septal defect), a right aortic arch or abnormalities of the coronary arteries. Diagnosis of Tetralogy of Fallot include a physical examination, echocardiography, electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, pulse oximetry, and cardiac catheterization. Tetralogy of Fallot is treated by surgery, which is the only effective treatment for Tetralogy of
Tetralogy of Fallow is a surgically, treatable disease characterized by all or a combination of at least four congenital birth defects. It accounts for 10% of all congenital heart defects that modify the formation of the heart. It also alters the way blood flows through the heart. Tetralogy of Fallow is usually diagnosed at birth or infancy and with surgery a child can live a relatively normal life. The prefix tetra means four and the term fallot is named after a French doctor who first discovered the disease in the 1800’s. Appropriately named after the discovery, Tetralogy of Fallow came about because of the four heart defects observed. One major complication that manifest from Tetralogy of Fallow is a lack of oxygen flowing out of the heart and into the rest of the body. The subsequent problem that this causes is poor oxygen transport leading to cyanosis or blue tinged skin. An infant may be acutely cyanotic at birth or may have cyanosis that gets progressively worse over the first year of life.
Travertine TRAVERTINE is a form of massive calcium carbonate, CaCO3 resulting from deposition by springs or rivers. It is often beautifully colored and banded as a result of the presence of iron compounds or other (e.g., organic) impurities. This material is variously known as calc-sinter and calcareous tufa and (when used for decorative purposes) as onyx marble, Mexican onyx, and Egyptian or Oriental alabaster. Travertine is generally less coarse-grained and takes a higher polish than stalactite and stalagmite, which are similar in chemical composition and origin. Travertine, the stone of the Colosseum and St. Peters as well as of several structures in New York and Philadelphia, is not a volcanic tufa but calcareous sediment that was deposited on the ground by the hot springs that first began to flow during the earliest eruptions of the Alban volcanoes. The best quality, in fact the only reliable one in Latium, is that which is found between Bagni and the Sabine hills below Tivoli. Lanciani, who has fascinatingly described the quarries there, estimated that five and a half million cubic meters of stone had been extracted from the ancient quarry alone. And yet, because of its position under a flat grass-grown plain, the Romans did not discover the existence of this remarkable stone till after the middle of the second century B. C.; and even after that they failed for a century to develop a system of extracting the stone in a sufficiently easy way to make the extensive use of it practicable. In the later decades of the second century B. C. it displaced peperino for inscriptional monuments for obvious reasons. Its employment in large structures cannot with certainty be posited before the construction of the Mulvian bridge in 109,...
Shaun White is an Olympic medalist and daredevil. “White was born with four heart abnormalities causing him to go through two open-heart surgeries before he was a year old” (Good Housekeeping). This condition is termed “tetralogy of Fallot – a term that describes a combination of heart defects including a hole between the pumping chambers of the heart and an abnormally narrowed valve and surrounding structures that link the right side of the heart to the lungs” (Learn). “The causes of tetralogy of Fallot among babies are unknown. Heart defects such as tetralogy of Fallot are thought to be caused by a combination of genes and other risk factors including the environment the mother comes in contact with” (CDC). The pulmonary circuit of the respiratory system is affected. In this circuit the oxygenated blood is moved from the lungs to the right side of the heart. In the early medicine era, “doctors created a shunt by disconnecting an artery leading to the arm, reconnecting it to the lungs” (Learn). Surgery is needed in order to correct the defects. “White had surgery as a baby and says he’s grateful to his doctors. Even after successful surgery, patients with tetralogy of Fallot face a greater risk of serious heart problems. [White must] get regular checkups to monitor his heart throughout his lifetime” (Mayberry). “During su...
.... Tetralogy of Fallot occurs during fetal growth when the baby’s heart is developing. In most cases the cause of this disease is unknown.
Do we live in an imperfect world or just a world full of human flaws? In The Fall, by Noble Prize Winner Albert Camus, it gives readers a glimpse into how citizens have the desire to discover the meaning of life. Camus asserts existentialism in the book and asks the question of do you have a purpose in life. Camus expresses the philosophy of the absurd, which means that all men are guilty of something, whether it is by our actions or inactions. The crimes we fail to stop, are just as bad as committing the crimes ourselves. The book draws attention to a point in your life where you have an understanding that you are a person with flaws, faced with your personal responsibility from your actions and significantly too,
When we sit in the stands at a high school football game and the marching band steps out onto the field and begins their performance, they march in very intricately choreographed paths. As viewers of the performance, we don’t see a hundred kids moving and weaving around the field. Instead we see shapes and letters in the marches. We see patterns that were choreographed by the members of the band. They know that we won’t see what each individual member of the band moving to and fro, instead we see the band as a whole and will have no trouble attributing shapes and patterns to their formations. What the band is utilizing is our brain’s tendency to interpret large volumes of information in a way that creates patterns and meanings that may not
When it comes to poetry there are various ways in which people interpret it. Depending on the person and his or her experiences a poem can hit a person a certain way, especially with a great poet such as John Keats, who has written a great amount of beautiful poems that fascinated the literature world. The great poetry he has written has left him as one of the greatest poets of all time. It is unfortunate that he deceased at such a young age considering he was at his prime when it came to writing poetry. Keats writing is brilliant and can really paint several images in the reader’s head. The way he was able to paint a vivid image by the use of symbolism and the metaphors he is able to incorporate into his poems.
ALBINISM Albinism. The word albinism refers to a group of inherited conditions. People with albinism have little or no pigment in their eyes, skin, or hair. Recently a test has been developed to identify carriers of the gene for ty-neg albinism and for other types in which the tyrosianase enzyme does not function. The test uses a sample of blood to identify the gene for the tryrosinase enzymes by its code in DNA. The above test does not apply to to one type of albinism, called X-linked ocular albinism. For X-linked inheritance, the gene for albinism is located on an X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, while males only have one X and one Y chromosome. This X-linked albinism accurs exclusively in males. The gene is passed from mothers who carry it to their sons. The mothers have subtle eye changes which an ophthalmogist could identigy, but mothers usually have normal vision. For each son born to a mother who carries the gene, there is one in two chance of having X-linked ocular albinism. The description is a hereditary deficiency pigmentation. This could involve the entire body or part of the body. This is believed to be caused by an enzyme deficiency involving the metabolism of melanin during prenatal development. This can be inherited by an dominant or recessive trait. In complete albinism, there is lack of pigmentation in skin and hair, as well as in retinal and iris tissue; in incomplete albinism, skin and hair may vary from pale to normal; in ocular albinism, function may vary from norma to impaired. Impairments may involve the retina and iris. If a person has albinism then they usually have somewhere between 20/70 and 20/200 visual. Ty-Neg albinism or also called type 1A results from a genetic defect in an enzyme called tyrosinase. Tyrosinase helps the body to change the amino acid tyrosine into pigment. An amino acid is a building block of protien. Albinism is passed from parent to their kid through genes. For nearly all types of albinism both parent must carry an albinism gene to have a child with albinism. Parents may have normal pigmentation but still carry the gene. When both parents carry the gene, there is a one in four chance at each pregnancy that the baby will be born with albinism. This type of inheritance is called autosomal recessive inheritance.
Ventricular septal defect, where the septum has a “hole”, allowing blood to mix which creates dysfunctions within. The Overriding Aorta is that of which the aorta is between the left and ventricles, whereas in a healthy heart, the aorta is attached to the left ventricle. Pulmonary stenosis is where the pulmonary valve is much smaller, causing a lack of blood flow. The Right Ventricular Hypertrophy is where the muscle of the right ventricle is more rampant than it would be in a healthy heart, again causing an anomaly in blood flow.(NIH, 2011). These defects makeup TOF and show differences in the blood flow and abnormal pressures in the heart in different ways. In most cases, a child undergoing TOF will be seen as cyanotic, or a blue color due to lack of oxygen. This is because blood that lacks oxygen is darker, therefore making the child seem as though they are “tinted” blue. (Cincinnati Children’s H., 2015) After a child with Tetralogy of Fallot is born, measures must be taken almost immediately to insure that this lack of blood flow is aided in some
Obviously, the subject of the movie “A Little Romance” is an archetypal romance. Many aspects of the story support this assertion. For example, the plot- Lauren and Daniel embark on a quest to Venice. Eventually, these two young lovers enjoy a triumphant return. Also, the archetypal characters help establish that it is a romance; Lauren represents a royal birth, with her glamorous upbringing and obvious affluence, and Daniel represents humble beginnings. With his sleazy behavior and relative power, the director is the evil king. Both Lauren and Daniel have a false parent, but Lauren’s mom doubles as a blocking parent. Young and in love, the couple must navigate these pitfalls and others with the help of two wise men- Julius and Lauren’s stepfather-
1. How did the fall of the Roman Empire impact city development throughout Europe, and why do you think the fall of the Roman Empire had this kind of impact?
The love story of Tristan and Iseult due to the changes of the society's values and morals and character development.
Treacher Collins syndrome also has a diagnosis like the other ones but it can be discovered when the baby is in the stomach but it relies on clinical radio graphic findings. Sometimes the signs of this syndrome can be found when the baby is in the stomach. To be diagnosed the doctor would have to examine the baby carefully so signs are discovered. It is suspected to be a ribosomopathy (Any disease or malfunction of ribosomes or cell organelles that consist of RNA and proteins ), where a genetic abnormally causes impaired ribosome biogenesis & function resulting in a special clinical prototype.
In the poem “To Autumn” the initial impression that we get is that Keats is describing a typical Autumn day with all its colors and images. On deeper reading it becomes evident that it is more than just that. The poem is rather a celebration of the cycle of life and acceptance that death is part of life.
In his painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, Bruegel uses the motif of perspective to convey the notion that people become so absorbed in their everyday lives that they don’t notice what is happening around them. The plowman is an example of the perspective of the painting. The plowman is located in the center of the painting. Viewer’s eyes are drawn to the plowman because he is wearing a bright red shirt which contrasts the neutral colors around him. His head is looking down towards the field, and not paying attention to anything else around him. Another example of the perspective is the shepherd. The shepherd is resting his head on his crook, while the sheep graze around him. There are light colors around the shepherd and he is also located in the center of the painting. Another example of how Bruegel uses