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Solubility essays
Solubility Lab Report introduction
Solubility Lab Report introduction
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Our unknown solution, test tube 1024, contained mercury (I) and lead. Throughout the entire experiment, we performed the same reactions in a known solution that contained all three metal ions as a visual comparison to determine what qualities one should observe after each added compound. Because each ion was initially in a compound with nitrate (NO3) in an aqueous, solution we added hydrochloric acid (HCl) to both solutions, and both solutions formed a white precipitate. Because all three metal ions form a white precipitate when bonded with chlorine (Cl‐), it remained unclear which specific ions were present. We then decanted the supernatant and submerged each test tube with the remaining precipitate in a hot water bath. Lead (II) chloride,
If more than one complex is formed at different pH values, their existence can be decided by this type of study. The pH, at which the absorption due to a particular complex species is far greater than that of metal ion and or the ligand alone, is selected for the study of that species. As the complex formation is the function of pH; it should be kept constant for particular system. Similarly, ionic strength is maintained constant throughout by adding an appropriate volume of sodium perchlorate. pH can be remained constant by using suitable buffer, provided the buffer does not interfere with the complex formation at wavelength where complex species show maximum
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A precipitation reaction can occur when two ionic compounds react and produce an insoluble solid. A precipitate is the result of this reaction. This experiment demonstrates how different compounds, react with each other; specifically relating to the solubility of the compounds involved. The independent variable, will be the changing of the various chemical solutions that were mixed in order to produce different results. Conversely the dependent variable will be the result of the independent variable, these include the precipitates formed, and the changes that can be observed after the experiment has been conducted. The controlled variable will be the measurement of ten droplets per test tube.
The materials that were used in this lab included a 100/1000 μL micropipetter, 4 agar plates with pre-poured LB broth , ice bath, hot water bath, micro centrifuge tubes, sterile loops, UV light, as well as pGLO plasmids and E.coli.
4.Bressler, J. P. and Goldstein, G.W. "Mechanisms of Lead Toxicity." Biochemical Pharmacology. 1991; 41: 479-84.
The synthesis of .525 g of para-methoxyacetophenone and .49 g of para-chlorobenzaldehyde using 95% ethanol and catalytic aqueous sodium hydroxide yielded .587 g (61.7% yield) of chalcone 1. The product of chalcone 1 was then confirmed through several different tests. Testing with TLC showed that the product contained a pure substance with only one dot present. The melting point was tested and showed similar characteristics to that of the literature melting points2. The 1H-NMR was analyzed and the key characteristics of the integration values and chemical shifts were comparable to that of the desired chalcone 1 product. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) supported the claim due to the fact that the product’s wavelengths displayed peaks representing characteristics found in the chalcone 1 product. Mass spectrometry was used to confirm the presence of chlorine in our product and to analyze the cation fragments and compare to potential structures. Lastly, this experiment implemented the green chemistry concepts of using safer solvents and a high atom economy while aiming to achieve a high yield product.
The transition metals are known for giving solutions a pigmentation, such as the yellow of solution 2. Furthermore, I believe the solution is made up of ionic bonds because it has the highest conductivity out of all three solutions. The ions, when broken down, create a hospitable environment for conduction. The absorbance spectrum makes sense because of the color of the solution, yellow. The wavelengths absorbed the most were blue and purple. When the sodium hydroxide was added to the solution, an orange precipitate formed. Precipitates are insoluble ionic solids, such as the precipitate formed when FeCl3 and NaOH were mixed in a previous lab session. The solution was also determined to be a strong acid by the pH strip. This means that when the bonds of the ionic compound were broken by the solvent, there was a high concentration of protons. Only metals can be positive ions, so therefore the solution must contain a heavy concentration of metal ions, and due to the conductivity, there is also a high concentration of nonmetal ions present. The last experiment we performed only proved that there were no hydroxides present, as previously mentioned. This furthers my explanation that the solution is ionic, and contains a transition
Observations: There was a fizz that occurred in the test tube which means a gas was produced. Also the mixture became warmer, and when putting the lit piece of wood in the tube, the flame went out immediately making a noise, which means that there was no oxygen
Abbott, M., Lin C., Martian, P., Einerson, J. (2008). Atmospheric mercury near Salmon Falls Creek Reservoir in southern Idaho. Journal of International Association of Geochemistry. Volume 23 issue 3. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
The paper, Function of Aggregated Reticulocyte Ribosomes in Protein Synthesis by A. Gierer, details the findings about a study to answer the question whether multiple ribosomes can operate on one molecule of messenger RNA simultaneously. Firstly, background information is necessary for understanding this paper. Ribosomes, the organelle where protein synthesis occurs, require a messenger RNA to be attached to it to be labelled active. Active ribosomes have an increased molecular weight due to the mRNA which in turn causes a higher sedimentation coefficient. The value of the sedimentation coefficient is calculated by timing the movement of a particle in a medium of known viscosity.
... hair, blood, fingernails, urine samples, and if any women are pregnant breast milk can be way to measured for contamination. Treatment may depend on the severity of the case, and it may require hospital. If hospitalization is needed then tell the doctor what form of mercury contamination you were exposed to, and have the authorities remove the contamination. The doctors will admit the patient to ICU, and closely monitor them. If tested positive some people use a therapy called chelation, which is used to treat toxic metals inside the body (http://nccam.nih.gov/health/chelation). More severe cases a filtration of the blood are used. Less severe cases by using ultra violet light on aquatic environment it can break down the mercury or methyl mercury into a gas form. FDA warns females to limit their dosage of fish, and to stay away from all containing mercury products.
This experiment synthesized luminol (5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione) and used the product to observe how chemiluminescence would work. The starting material was 5-nitro-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione, which was, after addition of reaction agents, refluxed and vacuum filtered to retrieve luminol. Using two stock solutions, we missed our precipitated luminol with sodium hydroxide, potassium ferricyanide, and hydrogen peroxide, in their respective solutions, in a dark room, to observe the blue light
No other metal better illustrates the diversity of effects caused by different chemical species than does mercury. On the basis of chemical speciation, there are three forms of mercury: elemental, inorganic, and organic compounds.
There are many contributing factors that enhance the amount of lead in the environment, for instance, environmental lead occurs from the burning of leaded gasoline, from battery and smelter industries and it’s also found in ink and paper. Additionally, many canned food products are sealed with lead solder (Analytical Research Laboratories, 2012). Due to the vast quantity of lead found in the environment, exposure is inevitable. On the contrary, there are three main ways in which lead can enter the body: inhalation, ingestion or absorption through the skin. It may be inhaled when it is burned or melted, releasing some of the lead as a fume and or when dust that contains lead becomes airborne. In terms of ingestion, lead may be ingested through drinking water, when dust particles containing lead come in contact with food or food preparation surfaces, etc. In particular cases that inv...
Lead is a metal found in small amounts in Earth’s crust. It occurs in small amounts in ores with other elements such as silver, copper, and zinc. Lead wasn’t discovered by anyone as it was known since the ancient times. Lead is an element in the carbon family and has an atomic number of 82; its symbol is Pb, its atomic weight is 207.2, and its density is 11.342 grams per cubic centimeter. Lead’s melting point is 600.61 K; its boiling point is 2022 K. Lead’s characteristics include: solid, soft, malleable, ductile, poor electricity conductor, resistant to corrosion. It is a blue-whitish metal that oxidizes to a dull gray in air. Lead is the only metal with zero Thompson effect. Even though it’s found in small amounts, lead is very abundant supply throughout the earth. Because of its widespread supply, simplicity to extract and effortlessness to work with, lead is used in a wide variety of products such as the following: paint, pipers, batteries, cosmetics, ceramics, and gasoline. While lead has multiple beneficial uses, it c...