1. IINTRODUCTION
The terms terpenes and terpenoids were used interchangeably. Terpenoids are compounds related to terpenes, which may include some oxygen functionality or some rearrangement. The first classification of terpene is sesquiterpenoid which consist of 3 isoprene units and has the general formula of C15H24. It usually occurs in plants that yield volatile or essential oil. Some importance of sesquiterpenoids are for the the treatments for diarrhea, burns, influenza and neurodegradation. This is one of the example structure of sesquiterpenoids which consist in Asian ginger: The terpene that has 6 isoprene units is called diterpenoids. It has the general formula of C20H36 and is largely occurs in plant families namely Leguminseae, Cucurbitaceae and Cactaceae. The importance of diterpenoids are mostly in anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial since it can
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Instrument used for analysis
The CH2Cl2 soluble extract was subjected to Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) on silica gel to give fractions. The fraction was subjected to Column Chromatography (CC) on silica gel and HPLC to yield compounds.
2.iv) The analysis of Triterpenoids
2.iv) 1. Sample type
Triterpenoids were extracted from Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi mushroom). Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal fungus called Lingzhi in China, is a commonly used Chinese herb for the prevention and treatment of various types of diseases.
2.iv) 2. Preparation sample
The powder of dried samples was extracted with CHCl3 in an ultrasonic water bath. This extraction was repeated twice. The extracted solution was mixed and filtrated through filter paper then the filtered solution was evaporated at 35 °C to dryness in vacuum. The dry extract was dissolved in methanol and filtrated. Then each sample solution was analyzed by HPLC.
2.iv) 3. Solvent type
The chloroform and methanol for sample preparation and the acetic acid (CH3COOH) used in the mobile phase were of A standard of analytical reagent (AR
At this point the identity of the unknown compound was hypothesized to be calcium nitrate. In order to test this hypothesis, both the unknown compound and known compound were reacted with five different compounds and the results of those reactions were compared. It was important to compare the known and unknown compounds quantitatively as well to ensure that they were indeed the same compound. This was accomplished by reacting them both with a third compound which would produce an insoluble salt that could be filte...
Europe saw a time of literature works of great and broadly inclusive significance. The period, commonly known as the Age of Enlightenment, saw intellectual movements incite the rise of the French Revolution through philosophical ideas. These group of intellectuals included Moliere and Voltaire, two professional writers who used satirical approaches in their works to express their idea for challenging the absolute right to rule and promote ideas for the annulment of the social class system. The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis into the life and works of the two writers.
The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed.
Strychnine is a poisonous alkaloid, C21H22N2O2, obtained in colorless or white rhombic crystals. These have a bitter taste and melt at around 290( C (4 p.1). Alkaloids are any class of naturally occurring organic nitrogen containing bases, usually containing one or more of these nitrogen atoms in a ring of atoms called a cyclic system. Alkaloids are primarily found in plants and are predominant in flowering plant species. The function of alkaloids in plants is thought to be simply a waste product of the plants metabolic processes, but current research may suggest a specific biological function. This is evident in some plants as the levels of alkaloid increase just prior to seed formation and then drops off after the seed is ripe. This evidence suggests possible mechanisms of maturation and possible defense, against certain insect species (5 p.2). Strychnine, being an alkaloid, is slightly soluble in water, but is more soluble in alcohol and is released from its salts by alkalis. Many of the commercial alkaloids are found in the genus Strychnos.
The actual amount of crude product was determined to be 3.11 grams. The percent yield of the crude product was determined to be 67.75 %. The actual amount of pure product formed was found to be 4.38 grams. The percent yield of the pure product was determined to be 95.42%. Regarding the thin layer chromatography, the line from the solvent front is 8 centimeters.
Many plants and plant derived products are used in cancer therapy as cytotoxic agents. Examples include Taxol that is used for breast cancer (which gets its active constituent from Pacific Yew tree) and the vinca alkaloids used for leukaemia (from the Madagascar ...
Once the mixture had been completely dissolved, the solution was transferred to a separatory funnel. The solution was then extracted twice using 5.0 mL of 1 M
The procedure for this experiment can be found in Inorganic Chemistry Lab Manual prepared by Dr. Virgil Payne.
The first group of chemical compounds to be discussed are terpenes. Terpenes are a very comprehensive group of metabolites which are known to contain essential oils that produces well-known scents in herbs belonging to the Lamiaceae plant family (Scott 2008). These scented compounds are usually found in the trichomes of basil, rosemary, lavender, etc. (Scott 2008). Electron micrograph images of these trichomes can be seen below. According to Keeling & Boltmann (2006), there are about 30 000 known types of terpenes which originated from structures created from terpene synthases. These terpene synthases can be broken up into three groups, monoterpene synthases, sesquiterpene synthases, and diterpene synthases (Keeling &...
Terpenes. It's the biggest chemical group and usually used for treatment and healing processes from illness. These Terpenes include limonenewhich exists in 90% of citric oils, pinene which exists in pine trees, chamazulene which exists in chamomile essences.
In this quest of alternative drug development, plant origins are appearing as a vast resource of easily serviceable option. From early 19th century to until recent, plant products and derivatives
== § Test tubes X 11 § 0.10 molar dm -3 Copper (II) Sulphate solution § distilled water § egg albumen from 3 eggs. § Syringe X 12 § colorimeter § tripod § 100ml beaker § Bunsen burner § test tube holder § safety glasses § gloves § test tube pen § test tube method = == = =
Starting this experiment, we knew that the extraction was going to form varies layers due to the density differences. When placing three different substances, we saw that two layers formed because the Clove Oil is soluble in MTBE, but not in water. In order, to get the organic layer we used separatory funnel to take out the excess substances and leave the oil layer. Then we transferred to a beaker and dried with Magnesium Sulfate. Lastly, we filtered the liquid using funnel; we placed the liquid to boil, let it cool to room temperature. The purpose of drying and evaporation is to help us with the Gas Chromatography analysis of the product.
The choice of mobile phase depends on the chemical nature of the compound of interest and could be purely organic, inorganic or a mixture of both in gradient. Most commonly used mobile phases are organic solvents like acetonitrile or methanol. Some HPLC analysis require the use of water free solvents as mobile phase and in such cases acids like formic acid, phosphoric acid, trifluoroacetic or salts which will assist in separation of components in the sample are used.
After 30 minutes, another 5 ml of acetic acid was added, followed by 1.5 g of NaClO2the following 30 minutes. These steps were repeated until a total of 6 g of NaClO2 was added. The mixture was heated for a further 30 minutes after the final sodium chlorite addition. The suspension was then cooled in an ice bath before being filtered using sintered glass crucible and rinsed with cold distilled water. A final wash was carried out using acetone. The crucible with holocellulose was air dried in an air-conditioned room until constant weight was achieved for further alpha-cellulose analysis. For hemicellulose determination, the oven-dry weight of cellulose was used for