TIR1 is a key protein in Arabidopsis involved in the degradation of Aux/IAA to promote the expression of auxin induced genes. It has an important role in the regulation of auxin response genes and thus its function is conserved throughout plants. In our experiments we looked at the function of TIR1 by characterising an EMS tir1-1 mutant and also identified the members in the TIR1 gene family in arabidopsis and determined if the TIR1 function was conserved in other plant groups. Aux/IAA genes are one of the early auxin response genes that encode short-lived nuclear proteins with 4 conserved motifs, referred to as domain I,II,III, and IV. Domain II contains the degron motif; a sequence of 13 amino acids that play a role in the destabilization of Aux/IAA proteins and are the target in proteasome specific degradation. TIR1 contains a series of leucine rich repeats (LRR) and an F-box domain. (fig 2) This motif is often present in regulatory proteins in other eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis, TIR1 binds to Aux/IAA repressor proteins in the presence of auxin. The heterodimerization of ARF and Aux/IAA domains …show more content…
Although the general function of auxin action has been established specific elements involved in each developmental signal remain unclear. We could investigate what stages certain genes are highly expressed, i.e if the AFB2 transcript is more abundant in seedlings than AFB3. Real time PCR (RT-PCR) could be used to look at the relative expression of each of the TIR1 family members to see how their expression is affected by an auxin stimulus. Aux/IAA domain mutants could be made to observe how each domain affects gene expression. Improvements to be made to our experiment, is the use of a better ladder so you can see the 80bp fragment of tir1-1. A lower voltage for electrophoresis would give clearer bands. Overexpression or downregulation using transgenics could be used on TIR1 to see if its function is
Digestion of the haemolytic and non-haemolytic cells allowed for easier identification of fragments during electrophoresis analysis. Lane 12 in figure 3 show the size markers of SPP1 digested with EcoR1 while lanes 6 and 7 show samples of pK184hlyA and pBluescript digested with EcoR1 and Pst1. Lane 4 was loaded with plasmid DNA from haemolytic cells digested with EcoR1 and Pst1 while lane 5 was loaded with EcoR1 and Pst1 digested DNA from non-haemolytic cells. There was a lack of technical success in both lanes due to no bands appearing in lane 4 and only a single band appearing in lane 5. Theoretically, two bands should appear in both lanes after successful to allow for fragment identification. A possible explanation for the single, large fragment in lane 5 is that successful digestion did not take place and the plasmid was only cut at one restriction site leaving a large linear fragment of plasmid DNA. The absence of bands in lane 4 could be because there was not enough plasmid loaded into the lane. Another possibility could be that low plasmid yield as obtained when eluting the experimental samples in order to purify it. Lanes 8 and 9 belonged to another group and show technical success as two bands were present in both the haemolytic (lane 8) and non-haemolytic (lane 9) lanes. If the
Charles Darwin once compared the root tips of plants to “the brain of one of the lower animals” he even reported electrical signal systems in plants, much like a nervous system. More than a century after Darwin, a scientist named Mancuso discovered the center for the electrical signals, or action potentials, is located in the root tips. Even small plants had nearly 14 million root tips, all acting in a similar way to a nervous system. Humans and most animals have centralized brains, meaning it is all grouped together in one spot, forming what we envision as a brain. Plants may not have a centralized brain like humans, but that doesn’t mean they lack a brain, in fact plants have “decentralized intelligence” distributed throughout them. Since plants cannot react quickly, they have no way of defending themselves against predators, so by scattering the “brain” plants avoid dying off when damaged (Marinelli). The root tips and sensory cells allow plants to feel and react to different stimuli. It is uncertain as to whether plants feel pain, but they do respond to anesthetics and react to being damaged. For example, when a caterpillar eats a plant’s leaf, the plant begins to secrete defensive chemicals. The censor cells react to the damage being done and cause the leaf to secrete chemicals to fend off the predator, as well as repair the
We used Brassica rapa, a fast plant the rapidly reproduces, in an experiment that we performed a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross. We hypothesized that in the monohybrid cross, the F2 generation of Brassica rapa will follow Mendelian inheritance patterns and show a phenotypic ratio of 3 anthocyanin positive to 1 anthocyanin negative. If the F2 generation follows Mendelian inheritance patterns, then out of 1105 plants, 828.75 will be anthocyanin positive and 276.25 will be anthocyanin negative. For the dihybrid cross we hypothesized that the F2 generation of Brassica rapa will follow Mendelian inheritance patterns and show a phenotypic ratio of 9 Anthocyanin positive dark green to 3 anthocyanin positive yellowish green to 3 anthocyanin
The main goal for our experiment was to learn how to examine DNA when there is only a small
N.p., 29 Mar. 2014. Web. 28 Mar. 2014. "Related Topics. " Plant Science Research : Ozone Effects on Plants.
In this report I will discuss different solutions for PVMS to help them improve network communications between the stores and head office, and centralize procedures for recording stock. This report will list the advantage and the disadvantage of each one.
Thomas R. Warne, Leslie G. Hickok and Rodney J. Scott. (1988). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Characterization and genetic analysis of antheridiogen-insensitive mutants in the fern Ceratopteris. 96 (1), 371-379.
During times of war, man is exposed to the most gruesome aspects of life such as death, starvation, and imprisonment. In some cases, the aftermath is even more disastrous, causing posttraumatic stress disorder, constant guilt, as well as physical and mental scarring, but these struggles are not the only things that humans can take away from the experience. War can bring out the appreciation of the little things in life, such as the safety people take for granted, the beauty of nature, and the kindness of others. These universal consequences of fighting all contribute to what war is really capable of doing, sometimes bringing out the best and worst in people, and constantly shaping society. In The Things They Carried, Tim O’Brien goes through this himself when he writes about setting up base camp in the Vietnamese pagoda, the return to site of Kiowa’s death, the story about the old poppa-san guide, and Mitchell Sanders’ “moment of peace”. When O’Brien includes these stories, it is not to insert joy into a tragedy, but rather to create a more wholesome and authentic feel into a tough, realistic war story. O’Brien’s’ “sweet” stories are there to show the hope he had during war, and also serve as a universal example that even in the darkest tunnels, it is always possible to find rays of light.
Throughout the Salem Witch Trials, a man named Samuel Parris had purchased a slave named Tituba who would then be accused of being a witch(Rebecca Brooks, 2013).. The Salem Witch Trials involved many people put to blame for being witches is they acted different, or acted out of the norm within their society. The witch hunts all began in the year of 1692 within the area of Salem. During the year of 1692, many people were being accused of being a witch and being thrown into jail. There were some conformations that Tituba was a witch as well from the people who lived around her.
1. (45 pts) For each major (CS, IT, DET, IS), identify three important and uniquely identifying characteristics and describe how the four types of professionals would work together in a professional setting. Include information learned from the various instructors for each discipline. How do professionals from these areas work together?
In “The Fish” by Elizabeth Bishop, the narrator attempts to understand the relationship between humans and nature and finds herself concluding that they are intertwined due to humans’ underlying need to take away from nature, whether through the act of poetic imagination or through the exploitation and contamination of nature. Bishop’s view of nature changes from one where it is an unknown, mysterious, and fearful presence that is antagonistic, to one that characterizes nature as being resilient when faced against harm and often victimized by people. Mary Oliver’s poem also titled “The Fish” offers a response to Bishop’s idea that people are harming nature, by providing another reason as to why people are harming nature, which is due to how people are unable to view nature as something that exists and goes beyond the purpose of serving human needs and offers a different interpretation of the relationship between man and nature. Oliver believes that nature serves as subsidence for humans, both physically and spiritually. Unlike Bishop who finds peace through understanding her role in nature’s plight and acceptance at the merging between the natural and human worlds, Oliver finds that through the literal act of consuming nature can she obtain a form of empowerment that allows her to become one with nature.
Research My first research experience took place from the Fall 2012 – Summer 2013 in a neurobiology laboratory (Dr. Daniel Plas) focused on Parkinson’s Disease. In this project an undergrad student and I were tasked with optimizing a cellular medium for neural growth of the model organism Lymnaea stagnalis. This was comprised of following established protocols and altering certain variables within the formulas (differing concentrations of ions, pH, et al.) to observe growth pattern differences in vitro.
Plant hormones are certain chemicals present in plants that control plant growth and development by affecting the division, differentiation, and elongation of cells. (Campbell, 2008) Each hormone has multiple effects depending on its site of action, its concentrations, and the developing stage of the plant. (Campbell, 2008) Auxin is a plant hormone that is synthesized within the apical meristems and young leaves of a growing plant. Auxin stimulates stem elongation when it is present is low concentrations. It promotes the formations of lateral and adventitious roots, regulates development of fruit, enhances apical dominance, functions in gravitropism and phototropism, promotes vascular differentiation, and retards leaf abscission. Gibberellic acid is one of several plant hormones that govern a plant’s growth. Gibberellins allow for stem elongation in plants. Plants without enough of this hormone tend to grow short or stunted. This chemical is high in the element potassium, which is one the main components of plant fertilizer and very important for plant growth on its own. The...
Tissue culture allows for the clonal propagation of plant (production of multiple copies of the same genotype).
Gel electrophoresis is used in a variety of settings, particularly in molecular biology. Besides being used to separate nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, gel electrophoresis is also employed to divide proteins (Gel Electrophoresis). According to research, electrophoresis is applied for the following reasons, "To get a DNA fingerprint for forensic pur...