Syrups and brines of different concentrations were prepared in order to examine different methods of testing. The concentrations of syrups and brines are important as they contribute to a products standard of identity and could be a major factor in a products ability to prevent microbial growth. Solutions were prepared under varying circumstances and analyzed using hydrometers and refractometers — instruments which measures syrup or brine concentrations.
Hydrometers
Hydrometers are devices which test for concentrations of syrups and brines via their specific gravity/relative density. The amount of solute a solution contains determines the relative density of liquids; for example the density of the syrup versus the water. The amount of sugar versus water will change the relative density and the
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3) Use a measuring cylinder with an appropriate length and fill it with the appropriate amount of solution so the hydrometer does not touch the bottom.
4) Lower or raise the temperature if necessary and drop the hydrometer into the solution with a twisting motion.
5) The measurement is taken where the water line meets the hydrometer’s measuring grid.
Refractometers
A refractometer is a device which can measure the index of refraction. This measurement determines how much light bends when it passes through the tested liquid and its prism. The amount and type of solute affects this light bend, so these devices are calibrated for specific solution compositions like hydrometers. This light bend is measured and adjusted by the device to display a concentration value for the solution. These devices can come with temperature correction where it will correct the sample’s
When the liquid level is above the calibration line on the pipette, remove the bulb quickly and put your thumb or index finger over the pipette. Carefully “roll” finger to the side and allow the liquid to drop until the meniscus is level with the mark. Then hold the pipette over the flask to receive the liquid and remove the finger. Allow the liquid to drain out.
3. Add on of the following volumes of distilled water to the test tube, as assigned by your teacher: 10.0mL, 15.0mL, 20.0mL, 25.0mL, 30.0mL. (If you use a graduated cylinder, remember to read the volume from the bottom of the water meniscus. You can make more a more accurate volume measurement using either a pipette or a burette.)
The production of sap by the tree, syrup by man, and sugar by refining is long and meticulous. The characteristics of syrup are detailed, and the object of makers is to produce a rich product, while nurturing regularly to obtain a perfect consistency.
Plan 1. Collect 4 different sized beakers 2. Boil some water in the kettle 3. Pour 50ml into each beaker 4. After 1 minute check temperature 5.
Start with the hot water and first measure the temperature. Record it. 8. Then pour 40 ml into the beaker. You can measure how much water was used by looking at the meniscus.
This would give us an extra measure of accuracy each time. Another way to improve the experiment and to produce consistent readings was to used distilled water. This is because the distilled water contains no impurities and therefore no hardness in water.
3.) Divide your 30g of white substance into the 4 test tubes evenly. You should put 7.5g into each test tube along with the water.
In a 100ml beaker place 50mls of water, measure the temperature of the water and record this initial temperature onto a table. Set the timer and add one teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate to the water, stir this continuously until the Ammonium Nitrate has dissolved.
2. In the large beaker, put water and boil it completely. After that, remove the beaker from heat. 3. Sample tubes (A-D) should be labeled and capped tightly.
Generally pycnometer is made of glass, with a clos-fitting ground glass stopper with capillary tube through it, so that air bubbles mas escape from the apparatus. This device enables a liquid density to be measured through an appropriate working fluid, such as mercury or water, using analytical balance. When the flask weighed empty, full of water, and full of a liquid whose relative density is desired, then relative density can be easily calculated. The specific gravity results show that subsoil specific gravity varies between 2.45 and 2.7. Pycnometer analysis work system shown in Figure 12.
When the liquid level in both arms is the same, the pressure of the sample of gas inside the closed end must equal the pressure of the external atmosphere since the downward force on the two columns of liquid is then equal. When the liquid levels are unequal, the pressures must differ. The difference in pressure can be measured in units of length of the vertical column of liquid. The mm Hg, or its modern version the torr, originated in this use of the manometer. Mercury is particularly convenient for use in manometers (and barometers) because at room temperature it has low vapor pressure, does not wet glass, and has a high density. Other liquids such as linseed oil or water have also been used in manometers.
Refraction of Light Aim: To find a relationship between the angles of incidence and the angles of refraction by obtaining a set of readings for the angles of incidence and refraction as a light ray passes from air into perspex. Introduction: Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where it's speed is different. The refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends the light ray toward the normal to the boundary between the two media. The amount of bending depends on the indices of refraction of the two media and is described quantitatively by Snell's Law. (Refer to diagram below)
Remove the extra solvent on a steam bath under a hood while flushing the flask with N2 gas, leaving the crude extract. Weigh extract.
tube. Add 6 mL of 0.1M HCl to the first test tube, then 0.1M KMnO4 and
AIM - To analyse some fruit and vegetable juices for the contents present in them. APPARATUS - Test tubes, burner, litmus paper, beaker, tripod stand, conical flasks, burette, pipette. CHEMICALS REQUIRED - 1. Fehling's solution A 2. Fehling's solution B 3.