Steel is a very common construction material, which is used throughout the construction industry. steel is used to form a skeleton for the building and/or structure and holds everything in it place. steel is widely used as a building material. it is because of its mechanical properties, ease and speed of construction and design simplicity. it is extremely easy to adjust or to extend to an existing structure constructed of steel by simply welding or bolting new steel pieces to the existing structure. and it will still give the structure the same amount of strength. structural steel has a wide amount of properties which suit different requirements which are weldability, ductility, strength and corrosion resistance. the extra feature of steel is that it will not break either, when met in contact with excessive load(s). steel can be shaped into several forms and sections for the specific construction purpose which are H section, I section, rectangular hollow section, unequal angles, square hollow section and many other forms and shapes. the introduction of steel firstly began around the 1880s, which was first made in quite large quantities which were then used for rail roads, etc.
early steel frame high rises
while these prodigious structures were the centre of attentio, a new and more significant technology was developing: the steel framed high rise building. it began in chicago, a city whose central business district was growing rapidly. the pressure of land values in the early 1880s led owners to demand taller buildings. the architect and engineer William Le Baron Jenney responded to this challange with the ten storey home insurance company building in 1885, which had a nearly all-steel structure. the frame consisted of cast iro...
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...eel use's
Airplane hangars sports arenas warehouse buildings school buildings retail stores strip malls
Costing
A number of factors can be considered to have a key impact on the price of structural steel frames. All the costs include allowances for a concrete core. The rates have been developed from cost models of the different building types and for each of the average weight of the structural frame has been given.
As already highlighted, before using such ‘standard ranges’ it is important to confirm the anticipated frame weight and variables such as the floor-to-floor heights with the design team to determine whether they are above or below the average and to adjust the rate used accordingly. Similarly, all of the other key cost drivers of complexity, site conditions, location, function, logistics, programme and procurement strategy should be considered in turn.
-Management then decided to integrate backwards into steelmaking by building its first steel mill in Darlington, South Carolina in 1968
The extraordinary power of the steel industry to shape the life of its communities and the people in them remain...
Before the Northridge Earthquake, Steel Moment Resisting Frames (SMRFs) were believed to have ductile behavior that would achieve high-cycle fatigue. As a result, fatigue was not considered to be a failure mode for these connections during a seismic event.
However, the success of the building schemes relied on the construction methods and innovations that are now attributed as bei...
How does the development of steel affect the development of civilizations?Steel is one of the biggest thing why this world is unequal because it was going to make doing jobs easy for everyone. In new guinea, they really couldn't make steel because it was too rainy and they spending all their time getting and making sago.So they didnt have time to have any specialist
In the 1870s Carnegie's new company built the first steel plants in the United States to use the new Bessemer steel-making process, borrowed from Britain.
Next, The Eiffel Tower is a renowned monument for France. Being that it was originally built as an entrance way, some precautions were made. The safety token was moveable staging, guard rails and screens only one man died during construction. (Eiffel Tower). The tower stands 320 meters tall it uses over 18,000 pieces in the steel structure. Each year the high heats cause the structure to grow six inches, but then retracts back after the summer time. So, that is why the idea of thermal rivets were used in assembly, because the rivets allow the structure to keep its shape. Over 2.5 million rivets were used. (Eiffel ...
In his early twenties, Burnham started working as an apprentice for William Le Baron Jenney, a leading architect in Chicago. In 1872 Burnham moved from Jenney’s firm to Carter, Drake, and Wight Firm, where he worked as a draftsman. During this time, he met his future business partner, John Wellborn Root. After a year of working at the Carter, Drake, and Wight firm, Burnham and Root started their partnership, and business flourished after the Great Chicago Fire. They were the main firm that helped rebuild Chicago, and from 1873 to 1891 they designed and helped construct 165 private residences and 75 buildings of varying purposes. Many of their buildings were heavily influenced by European designs. Exteriors were derived from the lavish yet simple ideas of ancient Greek and Roman monuments. Due to the high demand of office space in central Chicago, the firm adapted more modern desi...
In the early part of this century was a time when industry was booming with growth around the installation of major railroads. With this growth came the transatlantic cable, the telegraph, and a whole lot of steel. Steel would be needed in the construction of these new transportation systems and communications were now possible between businesses and industries. (Wren, 2005)
Works Cited Journal articles: • Lane, Thomas. “Crazy Angles, Soaring Steel.” Building vol. 274 no. 8588 (28) 2009, July 17, pp. 40-46.
Stainless steel is a type of alloy that has a very strong lattice structure (an arrangement/ shape of the crystals or other objects) which in some case can be more beneficial than others depending on the type of application it may be used for. In many cases this structure will make the material more suited to being used in engineering applications such as tools for instance a hammer (stainless steel alloys) , also they can be used for gears, engines, electrical motors and hydraulic systems because the structure makes the material so strong. So when the arrangement of the structure is as above it makes the overall material even stronger which makes it a good for all the applications stated above. I believe its strength and durability are its main properties as these are commonly needed in the engineering industry, although it is also very well known to be used for its corrosion resistance as it is resistant to many types of corrosion. It is used for these properties because the components such as gears need to be strong in order to keep transferring and altering the rotary motion and torque exhibited in the machine that it may be used in, durable to withstand any loads or pressure put onto it and also corrosion resistance to give the components a bigger life span and increase its rate of work throughout its required use.
Reinforced concrete is stronger than basic concrete. Steel reinforcing bars known as rebar is incorporated in the concrete structure to act together in resisting the force. The steel reinforcing bars absorbs tensile and compression because plain conc...
The structural engineers use geometry in their design in order to calculate the spacing of their columns and beams for proper strength for the building.
Estimates form the basis of tender comparison, so it should be as accurate as possible, if deficient the award settlement becomes arduous (Odusami & Onukwube, 2008). Accurate cost estimate for projects are tremendously essential to both the clients and the contractor. It provides the basis for the contractor to submit the tender and allows the parties to highlight the final cost of the project at an early stage. Essentially it is used for planning the entire project and helps during the execution phase (Akintoye and Fitzgerald, 2000). It has been pointed out that the building cost of the project usually differs from the estimated final cost and this is due to the variations (Oberlender and Trost,
Human beings are susceptible to the force of nature. They had to make shelter for themselves. Material was one of the most basic tools to create shelter. By development of building construction, selection and use of materials also developed. The relationship between the architecture and the materials before invention of modern materials was simple and generally naturally [1]; in the past, architects always use tradition materials according their experimental skills. For choosing structural materials, they had attention to important factors such as availability (local materials) and harmony with climate and culture [2], although this way was forward with feedback. But this relationship was not continuing simply.