The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) is a widely used assessment that measures the intensity of anger and one’s own anger expression trait (Miller & Lovler, 2016). The STAXI-2 can be utilized in several different aspects such as health and criminal law. There have been several studies that have lent support of the reliability of the STAX-2. Among the support and findings of hits on the STAXI-2 there has also been results of measurement error that indicate an improvement on the assessment for false positives, false negatives, and misses.
The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) is a widely used assessment that measures the intensity of anger in adolescents and adults ( Miller & Lovler, 2016). The assessment measures one’s willingness to experience angry emotions as a trait of their own personality ( Miller & Lovler, 2016). The test is a self-report test on an individual’s intensity of anger at a certain time and how often the anger is exhibited and how often they are able to control it. The test uses six scales to measure an individual’s anger
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Research on the STAXI-2 reliability has shown that it is possible for measurement error to occur that would create biased answers for individuals. Research has also show that the STAXI-2 does not produce an anger profile for individuals but the test is based on measuring for separate traits of anger. The STAXI-2 does not measure for test-retest validity and does not have a validity scale to account for different factors that would affect the test.. The STAXI-2 is can be used in a clinical, behavioral, health, and criminal law setting. Due to the variation of different settings, this could lead the potential for false positives and false negatives to occur. While there will always be flaws in any test, it is important to minimize them as much as
The proposal of Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory in explaining criminal deviance is based on three concepts. The first concept is that people are not naturally inclined to commit crimes. Rather, their transition towards deviant behavior begins when they experience strain. The second concept is that once strain is present, depending on the severity of the stain, a person becomes victim to their own negative emotions like anger, jealousy, and frustration. Their response to those negative emotions may expedite their transition. The third concept looks at a person’s ability to cope with the strain and negative emotions. If a person has poor coping abilities they tend to become overwhelmed by the strain and the negative emotions they are feeling as a result of strain. Poor coping abilities may cause someone to commit crime in hopes of rectifying their situation. (Agnew, 2011)
To begin with, the purpose of the first experiment was to uncover which brain areas are associated with abnormal emotional processing and the subsequent disturbed social interactions that follow. The total amount of participants after excluding 2 due to artifacts was 12 right handed males. The control group was composed of 6 healthy males who had no history of neuropsychiatric problems, a mean age of 28.8, and standard deviation of 4.14. The experimental group was composed of 6 psychopathic individuals who were convicted criminals and taken from a high security psychiatric ward with a mean age of 33, and a standard deviation of 8. The researchers measured psychopathy by using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R [that measured psychopathy on a scale of 0-40]). They used the Positive and Negative Affect schedule (PANAS) to assess global affect states before conducting the experim...
Social psychologists conclude that the frustration-aggression hypothesis remains tentative and that multiple factors may be associated with the expression of aggressive behavior. Critics of the frustration aggression theory point out that frustration does tend to lead to aggression in some circumstances but not always (Berkowitz, 1990). Theorists also suggested that a broader term than frustration should be used as the source of aggression because aggression can be elicited or instigated by other factors, such as the character and perceived intent of the instigator, personality factors and life experiences of the frustrated individual, and environmental conditions (Meyer,
A person with a defensive personality may feel as though they are being attacked and to cope with it they need to defend their choice of words and actions when they are dealing with other individuals. My younger sister, Carlee, has a defensive personality. We have the same mother, but different fathers. This caused us to be raised in different situations. She has moved around a lot, going from my dad’s house, to our mom’s house, and to her dad’s house. She did not have a set place where she could call her “home”. Generally, Carlee is a good kid and listens, and does not argue too much. However, as siblings usually do, there are quarrels between us. She will get overly defensive and extremely furious very easily. She overreacts to the littlest comments, and actions. To discuss her defensive trait, I will be discussing personality psychology trait theories by Lawrence Kohlberg and Erik Erikson.
Carol Tavris (1944- ), an American social psychologist and feminist, "sees anger as an instinctual survival response" (1) .she sees that getting angry is a natural habit to all humans as everyone can get angry in any time. Tavris says in her book Anger :the misunderstood emotion "Lonard Bekowitz calls advocates of this view 'vertilationists', because they believe it is unhealthy to bottle up feelings" (43) . (Print)
Anger can be partly physiological, cognitive, and psychological, and it is also pointedly ideological. Factors such as race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, nation, and religion arouse anger (Kim1). Goldhor-lerner stated that:
Everyone experiences anger at some point in their life. We all have those topics that if it gets brought up we automatically go into our defense mood, whether it be sex, religion or politics . We all have had those skeletons in our closets that we don’t like to bring out. Commonly anger and aggression are used together but they aren’t the same thing according to the Interpersonal Conflict textbook, “Anger differs from aggression is an attack whereas anger is the feeling connected to a perceived unfairness or injustice. Anger can help people set boundaries when they need to be set and to right wrongs.”
Anger is a basic human emotion that transcends cultural boundaries. However, despite its universality, an exact definition agreed upon by all people is lacking (Norcross & Kobayashi, 1999). Physiologically, brain centers in the amygdala are connected to anger processing. Because the information processing that takes place in this brain structure is primitive, anger can be triggered inappropriately and without the individual's knowledge of the cause. In psychodynamic terms, past events and experiences suppressed in the unconscious can be the source of generated anger. In cognitive-behavioral terms, anger is described as an interaction of behavior, cognition, and physiological arousal (Ambrose & Mayne, 1999). According to Deffenbacher (1999), anger may be aroused by specific external events, a mix of these external events with the anger-related memories they elicit, and internal stimuli such as emotions or thoughts. It results when "events are judged to involve a trespass upon the personal domain, an insult to or an assault upon ego identity, a violation of values and expectations, and/or unwarranted interference with goal-directed behavior" (p.297).
The inability for individuals high in psychopathy to process emotional stimuli can further be explored by assessing how they respond to specific emotional stimuli, specifically facial expressions. Decety et al. (2014) did an in-depth look at facial expression processing in individuals high in psychopathy with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants viewed fearful, sad, happy, and pained dynamic facial expressions. They found that individuals with high PC...
According to Kirby Deater and Deckard in their article “Anger”, anger is a complex psychological behaviour which has its own structure. Some researchers believe in that anger is an overwhelming emotion that has effects on man's personality, as well as it indicates the different perspective by which people
Emotional Intelligence 2.0 brings about the idea that the more someone aware of their own emotions and other peoples emotions they will have a significant increase in personal and professional success by applying strategies from the four core emotional intelligence skills: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. The idea of emotional intelligence was first prospered in 1964 and since then other physiologists have added their insights and broken it down into four to five different categories, with a changing definition. Emotional intelligence (EQ) was recently defined as ones ability to recognize own emotions and other people’s emotions and applying this
Anger Management Education, founded in 1994, provided education and psychotherapy to individuals to help make sense of and manage anger in their everyday lives (Anger Management 1). Anger remains a healthy emotion when expressed appropriately, although devastating effects may still exist. Anger lies at the root of many personal and social problems, such as child abuse, domestic and community violence, physical and verbal abuse. Anger also affects our physical health, by contributing to headaches, migraines, severe gastrointestinal symptoms, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. Many of us do not have the knowledge or abilities required to express our anger as a healthy emotion. As a result, some of us store and suppress our anger, while others may express it, but in negative and unhealthy ways.
What we were interested in is to gauge if the presence of the Psychopathic trait in individuals coincided with similar levels of the other two traits. To prove that the other two traits can be used to predict psychopathy, we needed at least correlation in any or both of the other traits and the absence of a high negative correlation with any of the traits. A measures of between 0 and 0.3 signify a low correlation, while figures those between 0.3 and 0.5 signify mid correlation. A figure between 0.5 and 1 indicates a high correlation (Andale, 2012). The –ve or +ve sign before the figure indicates whether it is a negative correlation or positive correlation respectively.
Slep, A. M. S., Heyman, R. E., & Snarr, J. D. (2011). Child emotional aggression and
Anger changes the behavior pattern of the person as a result of changes in his emotional status. it is accompanied by physiological and biological changes. Actions resulting from anger often lead to undesirable physiological and health consequences, because the neuro-transmitters/hormones (eg. adrenaline) released during anger intensify impulsive action and obscure rational