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Thermal pollution essays
9th grade properties of water
Thermal pollution essays
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Explain what is meant by the specific heat capacity of a substance
Explain what is meant by the specific heat capacity of a substance?
The specific heat capacity is a quantity, for the amount of heat energy (joules) that causes one gram of the material to rise by one kelvin unit.
What are units are used to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance?
Specific heat capacity is measured in Jg^(-1) K^(-1) (or kJ〖 kg〗^(-1) K^(-1) ).
Compare the specific heat capacity of water with a range of other solvents.
Complete the following table
Substance Specific Heat Capacity ( Jg^(-1) K^(-1) )
Water 4.18
Ethanol 2.44
Benzene 1.05
Toluene 1.13
How does the specific heat capacity of water compare to the other substances in the table?
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Calculate the heat energy that would be required to heat 2.00 L of water in a saucepan from 〖18.0〗^∙ C to 〖100.0〗^∙ C.
2.00 L of water = 2000 mL = 2000 g (assuming the density to be 1 g 〖mL〗^(-1)) Q=mC∆T C(H_2 O)=4.18 Jg^(-1) K^(-1) Q=2000 "x" 4.18 "x" (100.0-18.0) Q=2000 "x" 4.18 "x" 82.0 Q=685520 J Q=686 Kj
Explain how water’s ability to absorb heat is used to measure energy changes in chemical reactions
Water has the ability to absorb heat. Explain how this ability can be used to measure changes in chemical reactions.
Water can be used to calculated the release of energy in a chemical reaction. This is when, we know the mass of the unknown substance and the specific heat capacity of water. This is possible with other liquids (e.g. Ethanol), but water is a good liquid because of its high boiling point and minimal phase changes. An increase in temperature point to a change in energy; the temperature rising energy was released, if the temperature decreases energy was absorbed. Furthermore, the change in energy is directly proportional to the change in temperature of the water.
What is the difference between an endothermic and exothermic reaction? Give an example of each type of
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Water’s high specific heat capacity is essential for all life, but especially for aquatic organisms. The temperature of an ocean is quite consistent and low, as water can absorb heat. This is not true for land. Thus, aquatic organisms are not required to face extreme temperatures, as most heat is absorbed by the grand masses of water. Furthermore, thanks to earth being 72% water, the temperature of earth is reduced. Likewise, most Australians live near the coast, due to the lower temperatures, allowing for a cooler lifestyle. As water evaporates, it absorbs energy and causes a cooling effect.
Explain what is meant by thermal pollution and discuss the implications for life if a body of water is affected by thermal pollution
What does the term thermal pollution mean?
The disposal of water into lakes and rivers which is hot enough to increase significantly the temperature of the water body.
Give one cause of thermal
Thermodynamics is essentially how heat energy transfers from one substance to another. In “Joe Science vs. the Water Heater,” the temperature of water in a water heater must be found without measuring the water directly from the water heater. This problem was translated to the lab by providing heated water, fish bowl thermometers, styrofoam cups, and all other instruments found in the lab. The thermometer only reaches 45 degrees celsius; therefore, thermodynamic equations need to be applied in order to find the original temperature of the hot water. We also had access to deionized water that was approximately room temperature.
The purpose of this lab was to calculate the specific heat of a metal cylinder
If the pot is close to the heat source, more heat is directed to the water so it will be heated faster. Alcohols: Different alcohols have different bond structures, some bonds need more energy to break them than others, and some release more energy when they are broken. Temperature increase: I could change the amount the temperature has to rise before I record my results. This will only affect the amount of fuel used, so hasn’t got much relevance to the experiment. If I did a calculation from the results I have for the temperature rising to 10 c then I would be able to work out how much fuel would be used, if I heated the water to 50 c. X 10 x 50" By dividing the amount of fuel used by the temperature raised you will be given the amount of fuel used per c. If you multiply the amount of fuel used per c, by the amount you want to find results for, you will be given an exact amount for how much fuel would be used if you heated the water to that specific temperature.
The purpose of performing this lab was to find the specific heat capacity of an unknown metal.
Specific heat capacity of aqueous solution (taken as water = 4.18 J.g-1.K-1). T = Temperature change (oK). We can thus determine the enthalpy changes of reaction 1 and reaction 2 using the mean (14) of the data obtained. Reaction 1: H = 50 x 4.18 x -2.12.
Tf-Ti). Next, subtract the initial temperature, 25 degrees from the final temperature, 29 degrees putting the change in temperature at 4 °C. To calculate the heat absorbed by the water in calorimeter, use the formula (q = mCΔT). Plug in 50 mL for (m), 4.184 J for (C) and 4 °C for the initial temperature (ΔT), then multiply.
energy was given out or taken in. We can show this on a graph. Alcohol
The objective of this experiment was to identify a metal based on its specific heat using calorimetry. The unknown metals specific heat was measured in two different settings, room temperature water and cold water. Using two different temperatures of water would prove that the specific heat remained constant. The heated metal was placed into the two different water temperatures during two separate trials, and then the measurements were recorded. Through the measurements taken and plugged into the equation, two specific heats were found. Taking the two specific heats and averaging them, it was then that
The calorimeter constant is the base of all math used within this experiment. The constant is needed to calculate temperature change which is needed for the heat change formula. If the calorimeter constant is missing or incorrect, it would throw the entire experiment off. The temperature change is also a very important factor in the experiment because it is need to calculate the heat change. The temperature change can also be an indication of an endothermic or exothermic
In this lab, I determined the amount of heat exchanged in four different chemical reactions only using two different compounds and water. The two compounds used were Magnesium Hydroxide and Citric Acid. Both compounds were in there solid states in powder form. Magnesium Hydroxide was mixed with water and the change in heat was measured using a thermometer. The next reaction combined citric acid and magnesium hydroxide in water. The change in heat was measured as well. For the third reaction citric acid was placed in water to measure the change in heat. In the last reaction, citric acid was combined with water. The heat exchanged was again measured. It is obvious we were studying the calorimetry of each reaction. We used a calorimeter
Temp: Mass of evap. dish: Mass of evap dish+contents: Mass of contents: Solubility g/100cm3 water
In a 100ml beaker 30mls of water was placed the temperature of the water was recorded. 1 teaspoon of Ammonium Nitrate was added to the water and stirred until dissolved. The temperature was then recorded again. This was to see the difference between the initial temperature and the final temperature.
This is expressed as Δ +ve (delta positive). If the total energy put in is less than the energy created, then the substance warms up (it is exothermic). This is expressed as Δ -ve (delta negative). I will investigate eight different alcohols using an alcohol or spirit burner, to measure the energy change during burning by measuring the change in temperature of some water held in a container.
Runoff from Paved Surfaces – there is a considerable amount of urban runoff which has been acting as a causal phenomenon for thermal pollution. Urban runoff is discharged to the surface waters from paved structures like roads and parking lots has the capability to make the water warmer when drained to them. Mostly during summer seasons, the pavements get really hot. This creates warm runoff that gets into the urban sewer systems and then finally drained into the water bodies.
Thermal pollution can be simply explained as the addition of surplus heat to water and ejecting it back to the water bodies. So how does it happen? Well, numerous industries take water from natural water resources for their industrial purposes. Maximum of this water is used as coolant as it is used to cool down the machines of any factory or plant.