Question 1
1. Concentric Circle Model - The concentric circle model otherwise known as the Burgess model was named after its creator Ernest Burgess in 1925. Burgess was a socialist who developed the model in Chicago University and used Chicago as a case study to develop the model. This was the first model of its kind to explain the distribution of different social groups within cities and urban areas (s-cool.co.uk, 2014).
Fig. 1.0
Burgess model showing different zones of social groups.
(s-cool, 2014)
Figure 1.0 shows the urban land use as concentric rings around the Central Business District (CBD) shown as Zone A. Zone B is the Zone of Transition which contains mixed residential and commercial buildings. Houses within Zone C are classified as the working class residential homes or inner suburbs later known as the inner city. Middle-class residential homes are located in Zone D which generally of better quality. The final zone is the upper-class residential homes or commuters zone which is located the furthest out from the CBD (Rodrigue, 2014).
2. Sector Model - This model was created by Homer Hoyt in 1939 and it suggested that the social zones within a city expand outwards in sectors that follow transportation links (Liu, 2009). The study was based on Chicago, Hoyt could see that higher class housing was built favouring the sought-after Lake Michigan shoreline. This led him to develop the sector theory. The CBD is the centre of the model with the Zone of Transition in a similar location to Burgess's model in Zone B. The lower and middle class residential houses form a circle around Zone B and the CBD, and extend to the outskirts of the urban area. The lower class houses are found near the industrial zones and the middle cl...
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...0) Sprawling Cities and Transport: preliminary findings from Bristol, UK. University College London, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis and Department of Geography. University College London.
Mrt.ac.lk (2010). Land Use Models. [Online] Available from: http://www.mrt.ac.lk/tcp/uploads/UG/34/Presentation%202/Land%20use%20models.pdf (Accessed: 07/03/14)
Rodrigue, J. (2014) Urban Land Use and Transportation. [Online] Available from: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch6en/conc6en/ch6c2en.html. (Accessed: 07/03/14) s-cool.co.uk. (2014) Models from Burgess and Hoyt. [Online] Available from: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/geography/urban-profiles/revise-it/models-from-burgess-and-hoyt. (Accessed: 07/03/14) thestudentroom.co.uk. (2014) thestudentroom.co.uk. [Online] Available from: http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/wiki/revision:urban_morphology. (Accessed: 07/03/14)
A common definition of a suburb is a community in an outlying section of a city or, more commonly, a nearby, politically separate municipality with social and economic ties to the central city. In the 20th cent., particularly in the United States, population growth in urban areas has spilled increasingly outside the city limits and concentrated there, resulting in large metropolitan areas where the populations of the suburbs taken together exceed that of the central city. As growth of the suburbs continues, cost of labor for common suburban housing
Housing segregation is as the taken for granted to any feature of urban life in the United States (Squires, Friedman, & Siadat, 2001). It is the application of denying minority groups, especially African Americans, equal access to housing through misinterpretation, which denies people of color finance services and opportunities to afford decent housing. Caucasians usually live in areas that are mostly white communities. However, African Americans are most likely lives in areas that are racially combines with African Americans and Hispanics. A miscommunication of property owners not giving African American groups gives an accurate description of available housing for a decent area. This book focuses on various concepts that relates to housing segregation and minority groups living apart for the majority group.
As stated above, I feel that Toledo best fits the sector city model that was described in the book. There is a lot of evidence to support this statement. One example is that there is (was) a lot of manufacturing/light industrial that was centered in the downtown. With all of the good jobs based downtown, there was a need for mass housing around downtown. Over time, these housing areas became lower class housing and ethnic sectors arose within these areas. If you look at the sector model in figure 9.17 on page 258, this is the exact structure of Toledo. Just off the central business district, there is manufacturing that spreads up and down the Maumee River. Around these two areas, the lower class housing area persists. In Toledo, the lower class sector to the left of the manufacturing grew a large Hispanic population, which is isolated on the east of the river. The other lower class sectors to the right of the CBD refer to a majority Black population, with Whites scattered within the sector. This established the so-called "bad side of town" and higher-class developments moved outwards from the downtown. There is also a major street (Bancroft) that is a major road was in and out of the inner city that leads directly through the low class, through the middle class, and into hi...
Despite increased diversity across the country, America’s neighborhoods remain highly segregated along racial and ethnic lines. Residential segregation, particularly between African-Americans and whites, persists in metropolitan areas where minorities make up a large share of the population. This paper will examine residential segregation imposed upon African-Americans and the enormous costs it bears. Furthermore, the role of government will be discussed as having an important role in carrying out efforts towards residential desegregation. By developing an understanding of residential segregation and its destructive effects, parallels may be drawn between efforts aimed at combating such a grave societal problem and furthering social justice.
A new phenomenon happening in our city is the rebirth of many of our older and rundown areas. One of the best examples of this is the "Soulard" area of town, which now has an established nightlife as well as exquisite historical antique homes. Lafayette Square has also enjoyed the same type of success as Soulard. It is still in the middle of a high crime area, but is populated by upper-class people with beautiful homes with elaborate wrought iron fences and intricate security systems. This trend of fixing up old flats is spreading out from the areas of Soulard and Lafayette Square to neighboring communities at a rapid pace. The Compton Heights area is coming back with rebuilt old Victorian styled houses and private gated streets that contrast the French styled flats of Soulard. The Shaw and Tower Grove area are also following the lead of revitalization similar to these charming old neighborhoods.
Segregation is often a term overlooked by many in recent years, but still can have a detrimental effect on a country’s economy. Segregation often leads to poverty, which in turn, also has a negative effect on the economy, leading to a disadvantage in countries, particularly the United States and South Africa. Racial segregation is apparent in the United States and affects many cities, depending on the number of segments there are within a particular city. The effects of segregation cannot lie in the hands of one person, rather all the people that make an economy. In 1944, Gunnar Myrdal refers to racial segregation as “a basic term that has its influence in an indirect and impersonal way” (Massey, 1993). The following examples are how “simple increases in the rate of minority poverty leads to socioeconomic character of communities, which in turn leads to disadvantages caused by racial segregation” (Douglas, 1990).
Understanding communities and neighborhoods is not always an easy thing to do. Between the different types of power found in neighborhoods, the types of neighborhoods out there, the changes in neighborhoods there is a lot to look at when viewing a community or neighborhood. Hopefully this paper was useful in identifying some of those neighborhood aspects.
Forty-seven years ago the Civil Rights Act was passed to end racial discrimination in America. And later on the 24th Amendment to poll taxes, then the Voting Rights Act to allow every man to vote and not be discriminated against. Black Power, the Nation of Islam, and the Southern Christian Leadership conference were just some of the groups that tried to end segregation and promote the African American race. Although these groups did help end it, it still exists in today’s world and many studies have been done to prove it in the past couple of years.
The Transitional Zone is consider to be the least desirable area to live in. It is the ignored city where one can find deteriorating housings, factories, immigrants group, drugs and prostitution. The Working Class Zone is generally populated by educators, and business men. The Residential Zone is usually inhabited by well educated, middle class families. The Commuter Zone is inhabited by people that can afford to buy small houses and are able to transport themselves to the inner city.
However, the Burgess model remains utilizable as a concept explicating concentric urban development, as a way to introduce the involution of urban land use and to explicate urban magnification in American cities in the early-mid 20th century.
In Urban Studies two schools of academic thought answer the “urban question”: the ecological and urban political economy schools. I will argue that the political economy perspective better allows us to fully grasp the “urban question” where society and space mutually encompass each other and allow us to better explain and address urban inequality. First, I will develop a working definition of “the urban question”. Second, I will write on the ecological school’s view of the “urban” question and how their vista explains but inadequately addresses urban inequalities. Third, I will review the political economy (social-spatial dialect) landscape of the “urban question” and how their panorama explains and gives better analyses of urban inequality.
Chaffey, J. (1994). The challenge of urbanisation. In M. Naish & S. Warn (Eds.), Core geography (pp. 138-146). London: Longman.
To be able to know which concentric zone model I was raised in I had to read our course book and I also researched it on the internet. Wikipedia describes it as “one of the earliest theoretical models to explain urban social structures. This model was created by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925, using the city of Chicago. (1) This ring shaped model shows the way land is used around a developed city. Zone A-heart of the city, zone B-surrounds the cities center, zone C-homes of the working class, zone D-wealthy homes of white collar workers, and zone E-estates of upper class (exurbs) and the suburbs. (2)
Pollins, Harold. "Transport Lines and Social Divisions" from London Aspects of Change: Edited by the Centre for Urban Studies. MacGibbon & Kee, London. 1964.
According to various patterns of spatial organization and employment layout, spatial structure of urban (area can be divided into monocentric and polycentric city models (Ingram 1997; Bertaud 2003; Ding 2007). The monocentric city was the first formal model of urban spatial structure, conceptualized by Alonso 1964). The model showed that cities had a unique centre, often termed the Central Business District (CBD). The monocentric city has been the model most widely used to analyze the spatial organization of cities (Bertaud 2003). In the mid to latter half of the 20th century, as the proportion of jobs in the centre declining over time, employment began to diffuse to outside of the CBD of mega cities (Meyer & Gómez-Ibáñez 1981). It had become