Friday, November 28th, 2014
SPH4U
Mr. Berry
Miranda Heredia
Zofia Holland
Spark Table Lab
Purpose
The purpose of this lab was to verify the principle of conservation of linear momentum in a collision.
Hypothesis
It was hypothesized that after the two disks come into contact in the head-on collision, the total momentum and kinetic energy would be conserved. In the glancing collision, it was also hypothesized that the total momentum would be the same before and after the impact. Additionally, the kinetic energy would not be conserved because some of the energy is transformed into another form. The results for the final two-dimensional would be similar to the second collision.
Related Theory
In order to correctly analyze and study this lab,
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Therefore, in a closed and isolated system, the total momentum of the system remains constant. This is any interaction involving a system that experiences no external forces. When two objects collide, the collision does not change the total momentum of the two objects. So, the total momentum before the collision will equal the total momentum after the collision. The following equation defines the law of conservation of momentum.
Momentum is conserved in any collision such as inelastic and elastic collisions. In a perfectly inelastic collision, momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not and the two objects sticks together, so that means their final velocities are the same. The following equation can apply to perfectly inelastic problems.
In an elastic collision, the momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. A perfectly elastic collation is where friction and other external forces are negligible. The following equations can apple to perfectly elastic
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A glancing collision is a collision in which the first object, after an impact with a second object, causes a change in motion and then travels at an angle to the direction it was originally travelling.
2D collisions deal with the same ideas of collisions in one dimension but now the conservation of momentum equation can be separated into its x and y components
The lines in the first diagram represent the path of the disks before and after the two-dimensional collision. In the second diagram, the lines drawn represent the angles formed by disk 1 and 2 before and after the collision.
Vector Subtraction: Looking at the diagram, to subtract B from A, take a vector of the same magnitude as B, but pointing in the opposite direction and then add that vector to A, using the tip-to-tail method.
Materials 56 x 56 cm construction paper (2) Protractor Pump Ruler Spark table
Apparatus
Procedure #1 – Head-On Collision Collect spark
If the collision between club head and ball were elastic we would be able to use Conservation of Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Momentum to determine final velocities of club head and ball after collision, but the golf ball undergoes some deformation at time of impact, thus some energy is lost.
Car crash analysis programs gained wide usage by the late 1980s but ARA (Applied Research Associates) Personnel in the Silicon Valley Office have been engaged in studying the crash response of vehicles, occupant safety, and right-of-way structures since 1971( ARA Website, 25h May). One of the major programs used for this testing is the DYNA3D which was developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (A Gift of Fire, Baase). DYNA3D is a computer simulation program that models the interactions of physical objects on impact such as vehicle impacts involving roadside structures such as signs, supports, guardrails and crash cushions. DYNA3D, suitable for solving problems involving rapid change, has had many applications in safety analysis. Laboratory analysts have used DYNA3D to study crashworthiness in a number of vehicle safety studies, where models of complex vehicles impact roadside safety structures and other vehicles, deforming under the impact. The DYNA3D program uses a technique called the finite-element method where a grid is superimposed on the frame of a car dividing the car into a finite number of small pieces or elements. The grid is then entered into the program along with data describing the specifications of the materials making up each element such as density, elasticity, etc. While reading the effect of a head-on collision on the structure of the car, the data can be initialized to represent a crash into a wall at a specified speed. The program in return helps compute the force, acceleration, and displacement at each grid point and the stress and strain within each element. Using graphics programs, the simulation produces a picture of the car at intervals after impact.
One moment the car in perfect condition, without so much as a scratch on its curving surface the next moment impact, sheer impact. Total destruction. In...
Here mass, acceleration, momentum, and force are the quantities that are defined externally i.e. they are the externally defined quantities. It is also equally true that Newton’s laws of motion do not suffice to characterize the motion of deformable and rigid bodies. After the generalization of the laws of motion propounded by Newton in 1950 by Leonhard Euler, the laws were equally accepted for rigid bodies, and this was later called as Euler's laws of motion. This theory was later applied in the deformable bodies, and the laws were equally true in that condition, as well. Even though this law is outmoded by laws of relativity, this law is equally applicable in the situation where the speed of objects are less than the speed with which light travels.
When two objects collide they would have the same equal forces upon each other, even if their mass is significantly different. During a collision, an object always encounters an impulse and a change in momentum. Also during the collision, the impulse which an object experiences is equal to its velocity of change.
The law of momentum-Conservation can be stated as followed For a collision occurring between one object and a seconded object in an isolated system, the total momentum of the two objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision.t refers to the quantity of motion that an object has. A sports team that is on the move has the momentum.
There still exists the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy as well as the conversion kinetic energy to potential energy. These particular conversions take place at the beginning of the process and the end. For instance, before Allyn lets go of the ball it had the potential energy to fall down. After she lets it go that potential energy is now kinetic energy. Since it's in motion now its lost the potential to get in motion but instead it's moving now giving it kinetic energy. And vice verse at the end of the
“The first law of motion is important if you want to successfully throw your opponent in a match. For instance, suppose your opponent makes a move to his right in order to make you move to you left. In the instance that you are moving, you’re temporarily off-balanced. Rather than letting your opponent keep control of the situation you and take advantage of his motion by using Newton’s first law. In this scenario, the statement “an object in motion will stay in motion” applies. As he is in motion you quickly turn into your opponent enabling you to lift him up with your hips and throw him.”(1)
Some collisions are successful and give a product while others don't. because particles don't have enough energy. Activation energy - The amount of energy needed for the reaction to be. started. I am a naysayer.
Compression Fractures – If the impact from the collision causes the vertebra and spine to be compressed downward, the vertebra can fracture.
Different collisions took place throughout the process of the Rube Goldberg Machine. This included Elastic and Inelastic collisions. An example of an Elastic Collision in our Rube Goldberg Machine is when the car went down the track and collided with another car. Elastic collisions are defined as collisions with conservation or no loss of momentum. This is proven by the first car which transferred its momentum to the second car thus momentum was perfectly conserved. An Inelastic Collision is seen in our project ...
During impact most of the impact energy in the test specimen is absorbed as plastic deformation when the test specimen yields. Temperature and strain rate effect the yield behaviour and ductility of the material and hence affect the impact energy. Materials that behave this way usually have body-centred cube crystal structures and where lowering the temperature reduces the materials ductility.
Before I explain and talk about why a ball goes farther when hit with an aluminum bat, I would like to present and explain some vocabulary concept and words. A collision, transfers momentum or kinetic energy from one object to another object. There are two types of collisions, elastic collision and inelastic collision. An elastic collision is a collision that occurs when two objects bounce apart when they collide; the total kinetic energy in the system is the same before and after the collision. For example, elastic collision occurs when equally massive balls move in the same direction; in this case momentum is transferred from one ball to another ball. And an inelastic collision is a collision that occurs when two objects collide and do not bounce away from each other; the collision changes the total kinetic energy in a closed system. For example, inelastic collision occurs when two cars crash and join themselves into one; the objects stick together after colliding. In inelastic collision all that happened is the loss of some kinetic energy, objects don not necessarily need to stick together in an inelastic collision. Whether a collision is an elastic collision or inelastic collision momentum would always be the same before and/or after the collision as long as you have a close system.
Middle school students will apply Newton’s Third Law to solve a problem which involves the motion of two colliding objects. The problem might include the impact of two colliding cars, between one car and an object that is not moving, and between a space vehicle and a meteor moving through space.
Reactions occur when the particles of reactants collide together continuously. If they collide with sufficient energy, then they will react. The minimum amount of kinetic energy required for particles at the time of collision is called the activation energy and this theory is known as the ?collision theory?.