Introduction
Mumbai the financial capital of India and capital of the Indian State of Maharashtra is one of the most developed cities in India. It is also the most populous city in India and the fourth most populous city in the world. The total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million it includes cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane. It lies on the west coast and was named an Alpha world city. It is the richest city in India and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia. [1]
Figure1: Gateway of INDIA
Figure 2: CST railway station
Municipal Corporation
The Brihanmumbai Mahanagar Palika is the civic body that governs the city of Mumbai. It is also the richest municipal organisation in India with an annual budget which is even more than that of some of the small states of India. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) or Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) was established under the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act, 1888 and is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city and some suburbs of Mumbai making it the largest civic organisation of the country. [1], [2].
Figure 3: BMC office in MUMBAI
Key Services provided by BMC [3]
• Public health and Hospitals
• Primary Education
• Street lighting
• Sewage treatment and disposal
• Garbage disposal and street cleanliness
• Cemeteries and Crematoriums
• Markets, Shops and Establishments
• Security
Waste Generation
With the population of the city that is ever increasing and that too at a rapid rate, the solid waste generation in Mumbai has also increased rapidly. The BMC looks after the waste generated from the residential and commercial areas along with the waste generated from areas such as institution, hospitals, and construction sites. [4]
Mumbai generates waste to the tune of approximately or more than 7000 tonnes per day. The waste consists of:
• 5000 tonnes of mixed waste (bio-degradable and recyclable)
• 2000 tonnes of debris and silt.
It is estimated that by 2014 such waste will aggregate 9,000tonnes per day due to increase in the city's population.
Average Generation of Waste by a Citizen of Mumbai
According to a survey the generation of waste by an individual depends on the socio-economic conditions. It differs from person to person or family to family. For example, according to the survey a rich family is generating nearly four to five kg of mixed waste per day compared to a middle class family that generates waste between one to three kg of mixed waste per day.
Since the industrial revolution the United States has experienced tremendous change. This change has created a consumer culture that has resulted in the creation of mass amounts of waste. According to reports, in the year 2003 Americans produced almost 500 million pounds waste. Alone the U.S consumes 30% of the world’s resources and produces 30% of all waste (Conquest, 2). These numbers attest to a consumer culture that has created an undesirable waste problem that is yet to be resolved. However, not everyone is affected proportionately by waste, as predominantly low-income communities live in close proximity to waste related sites. In this paper I will discuss how low-income communities are disproportionately subjected to the detrimental health effects caused by waste, and I will argue that low-income communities have historically and are currently responding to counter the effects of waste to protect their communities.
Waste management is the operation of how waste materials are handled. The affair of waste management is relevant to everyone world-wide. Wastes are materials that have no further economic use, and when disposed of, are hazardous to humans and the environment. Wastes include solid waste, liquid wastes, and air pollutants created by humans and cannot be naturally recycled. Current waste management techniques need to be completely overhauled because funding in government budget is not enough to meet standards, landfills are reaching their maximum capacity worldwide, and nuclear waste storage must be handled correctly. Waste management has been a highly thought about complication for global authorities. Due to
Outer islands have dumpsters that are used for trash generated by workers. Most outer island work is occasional and involves few individuals; therefore waste generation is minimal. Dumpsters from Illeginni, Legan and Carlos are replaced at least quarterly, and more frequently if barge transportation is available. Wastes are shipped to the Kwajalein Solid Waste Management Yard for segregation, incineration, and/or landfilling as needed. Dumpsters from Gagan are transported to Roi-Namur for disposal. When special projects take place on these or other outer islands, additional dumpsters and waste receptacles are delivered and used as needed. Wastes from construction projects are removed from the islands at the conclusion of the projects or during the project as needed. No wastes are disposed on these islands with the exception of green wastes which are left to decompose naturally.
"Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2010." United States Environmental Protection Agency. November 2011. http://www.epa.gov (accessed November 30, 2011).
Solid waste management, the compilation, managing, and disposing of solid items that are neglected because they have failed to function or are no longer effective. Incorrect removal of municipal solid waste can create contaminated conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to corruption of the surroundings and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is, diseases caused by animals and insects. The tasks of solid waste management present complicated technical obstacles. The local government is responsible for collecting reusable, recyclable and non-biodegradable waste materials from the material recovery facilities and transporting them to the recycling centers and or to the municipal material recovery facility.
In 2011, the Environmental Protection Agency estimated that Americans generated 250 million tons of municipal solid waste, MSW1, of which only 87 million tons were recycled or composted (“Municipal Solid Waste”, 1). This value, however, does not represent the total amount waste generated by the United States since MSW only accounts for 2 percent of total waste generated. As more trash is generated, space to construct more landfills becomes an issue. In order to reduce the amount of solid waste produced, the federal government must implement and enforce a new waste disposal method that emphasizes composting food waste.
Garbage is defined as anything worthless, useless, or discarded. Unfortunately, Americans are professionals at producing trash. In fact, the average American household throws out four and a half pounds of trash each day, and collectively we produce 243 million tons of trash within a year (Smith). The problem of trash production has been around for ages, but it has continued to be ignored by the general population.
On May 30th, The scene of Dobi Ghat was televised by Korean famous variety show, ‘The Infinite Challenge.’ It was remarkable because Mumbai is full of tall modern buildings except for Dobi Ghat. According to the artcle wirtten by Kailash Babar, Indian government has carried forward a scheme that redevelopes whole Mumbai city to make Mumbai as huge merchant city (Kailash). Therefore, Indian government is also trying to redevelope the Dobi Ghat but many people oppose redeveloping plan, shouting out ‘great potential in other fuctions’ Although there’s a drift towards redeveloping whole Mumbai city, Indian government should not destroy endemic culture ; Instead, not only inherit the unique culture of India, but also develope Dobi Ghat as sightseeing and protect Dobiwalla depending on Dobi Ghat for their livelihood.
This waste should not be pressured upon a geographical area if they do not create it. A clean and healthy environment is the only thing many lesser-developed countries have to cherish.
I. Significant amounts of waste is generated in society and that waste has a detrimental effect on society,
Solid waste can be classified in different types, depending on their source, household waste is generally classified as municipal waste; industrial waste as hazardous waste or hospital waste as infections waste. It quite obvious that South Africa environment is deteriorated by the illegal dumping area that around here. Solid waste is a major problem this country is facing at the moment. The province that is experience this major problem is Gauteng province, this an urban area am taking about, and since it’s clear that over population is the cause of the problem. Gauteng province is an over populated than rural area .solid waste pollution is refuse or garbage that people use in their everyday life in their house, such as plastic
America and Europe are at the top of the list for most waste generated according to Waste (4). This is very visible because there’s litter on every street in the towns and cities, as well in lakes, beaches, and rivers. The book Waste by Rob Bowden states that the amount of waste produced is increasing at a rate faster than population growth. About 1.5 million computers, in the U.K, are thrown away each year and most end up in landfills. There are 3 types of waste which are Municipal Solid Waste, Industrial Waste, and Hazardous waste. MSW includes waste from public garbage cans and local dumpsters. Industrial Waste includes massive amounts of waste water that is contaminated with chemicals. Hazardous waste is the most dangerous as it presents a danger to human health and the environment. Solutions for waste disposal take time because people need to consider their lifestyle and limit the amount of waste they generate. A good start is to recycle items such as paper, cans, plastic, and clothes. This way they don’t end up in landfills, beaches, or streets. Another solution is to join organizations that go around places to recycle, or organizations that demand the reduction in the amount of products that are being
Further, “In 2008, nearly 13 tonnes of waste were generated by Canadian households. Of this, more than 8.5 million tonnes were disposed of in landfills or incine...
The average resident produces seven and a half pounds of garbage every day that is buried down in landfills and litter lands, costing a great amount of money. Nowadays, people face no more critical problem than the need to save the weakening environment, mainly in urban areas, where solid wastes are uselessly dumped. It has been observed that cities have no controlled structure for garbage disposal. Each year, millions of dollars are spent picking up litter and more is thrown away in valuable materials that could be recycled. As humanity develops new technology and equipment, the level of waste increases every day.
The solid wastes are produce not only by households; it’s contributed by hospitals and corporations. Hospitals throw away bandages, use needles and latex gloves, these items hospitals throw away daily all the time because they can’t be reuse for the safety of its patients. Corporations throw away a lot of waste as well such as papers that they use whether in writing or in projects. All of these leftovers after consumptions are waste that is produced by our daily actions.